Andrew Carnegie Wealth

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To understand the concept of “Wealth” by Andrew Carnegie, you must first understand a little bit about Andrew Carnegie. Andrew Carnegie began his career as a minor employee in a telegraph company, until he emerged as a superintendent of the Pennsylvania Railroad. He then entered the iron and steel business, and by 188 he had eight companies. Shortly before he died, he merged the Carnegie Steel Corporation with the United States Steel Company. In result to this, Carnegie got his title of being one of the world’s richest men.

Carnegie took the task of managing his fortunes wisely. He felt himself as a hero of the working people, yet he disliked unions. He found himself to be a contributor of many public services like opening libraries, money for teachers, and funds to support peace. Carnegie believed that richness comes from education of families.

He thinks that money is a good thing, and it keeps civilization moving in a positive direction. However, there is such a contrast between the rich and the poor. By this he was referring to inequalities in rights, hereditary powers, and many others. He also felt that we should have a continuum of forward progress because of wealth, i.e. civilizing, industrializing. He also felt that “what were the luxuries have become the necessaries of life” which goes along with this theory. (Carnegie, p. 14)

Andrew Carnegie sates that wealth inevitably goes to a concentrated amount of people in the best possible set of circumstances, but the question that arrives is what to do with the money in order to best serve the general public. What can a man do with his excesses amount of money? There seems to be three solutions that Carnegie goes by. Leaving one’s money to his family or his oldest sun, which is a bad idea, said Carnegie. He states that no one can duplicate another’s style or strategies. A son can make mistakes and lose the fortune, which doesn’t benefit anybody, including the general public. He thinks that if the son gets the money, he might not appreciate where it came from or how it was earned, and might just spend it poorly.




One other way that Carnegie suggested to distribute money was through donating it to public services, which is how he spent his own money. He personally chose this idea, because it serves the most good to the most amounts of people possible which is a deontological view. He also thinks that taxing the wealth obtained by a recently deceased man is a great way of giving back to the community. That way people will be looking over his money, and the money will be spent towards the best possible solutions for the people. The best way of distributing money is basically through competition, like present day. The idea that each individual is working for himself in attaining wealth. In the end, there will still be wealth in a few, but they will spread their wealth through public services and donating, thus in result benefiting as many people as possible, instead of distributing small amounts of money equally which doesn’t solve anything, suggested by a communistic view.

Finally, Carnegie brings up specific duties that the wealth should abide by to maintain a balance. He states that the wealth should be giving and modest, and that the wealthy should administer his/her money so the greatest amount of people possible benefit off of it. Thus, satisfying all.



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The Quiet Things No One Knows

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The Quiet Things That No One Notices

Spending a weekend at home after two months at college proved to be a greater relief than I had anticipated. The familiar sound of my alarm clock beeping, and the yap of my twelve pound Bichon caused an array of summer time memories to flood my thoughts. The hardwood floors and tiled kitchens were reminiscent of my childhood, and the sound of my mother’s voice echoing from room to room a vivid reality now that I arrived at home. After a night of hellos to many old friends, and many old places, a shower was in order before falling asleep in my familiar bed.

This shower, however, was unlike any I had recently taken. There was no worry that the ‘good’ shower might be in use, or that both showers would be in use. I simply walked barefoot down the hardwood floor separating my room from the bathroom, put a towel on the cold tile floor, undressed, throwing my clothes on the floor as I hopped into the shower, barefoot.

Two nights later I returned to my dorm at the University of Vermont, and after unpacking decided on taking a shower after the four and half hour car ride to relax myself for a good night’s sleep. At first I walked into the bathroom, quickly realizing I needed my basket with shampoo, soap bar, mirror, razor and shaving cream to accomplish anything, however, after entering the bathroom for attempt two it is quickly realized that I am still lacking the necessary foot ware to prevent infection from many possible fungus and diseases. So I reluctantly returned to my room to exchange my sneakers for shower sandals and made the third attempt at showering. After half-way undressing I suddenly realize that I am missing perhaps the most significant part of any shower, a towel. How else would I dry myself off? What would I use to cover my body for the walk down the hallway after a cleansing shower?




Once again I returned to my room and retrieved a towel from my closest, my favorite towel, my big fluffy green towel, and wandered back to the bathroom for yet another attempt at a late night shower before a much needed night of sleep. Finally I say to myself, I turn the faucet about 0 degrees, which yields water at my preferred showering temperature, and finally I enter the shower, however, I have just made the most awful mistake possible, my dorm room is unattended and unlocked. Horrible scenarios run through my head, my computer being stolen, my room being trashed, my iPod being permanently borrowed. What would I do without my electronic sources of relief from society?

To the extreme aggravation of myself, it was once again necessary to exit the bathroom and return to my room. Nothing had been touched, a relief, but a disappointment none the less that it had taken nearly half a dozen attempts before I could shower. Once in the shower I could swear it had been reduced in size since my last shower before returning home. The walls felt imprisoning, and no matter how I positioned myself I was still in contact with one of the not-so-clean walls.

Shampooing went without incident, as did washing my face, then the most horrid of all shower experiences struck. I dropped the soap. Cleaning myself with soap that had touched the floor would be the same as if I did not wear sandals, and rubbed myself on the filth of others.

Watching the soap ricochet from wall to wall and finally come to rest above the drain my memories return to the last shower in my private bathroom. The simplicity of it really, the ability to wash the bottom of my feet without strategic planning, or the willingness to drop my soap bar on the floor of my tub as a resting place, while I rinse the soap suds from my body. The tub; another awesome memory. After a long cold day of mountain bike riding, nothing could warm my cold bones like laying in a warm bubble bath. Though this is not even an option at school, if it was, the idea is horribly repulsive.

Now that I have returned to school the fantasies of a private shower, a shower without the intricate planning to wash the bottoms of feet, or the heads up thinking to remember all the necessary components of a your shower are nothing more than memories of a weekend gone past.



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A child called 'it'

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like A child called 'it' even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like A child called 'it' in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

I found this book totally outstanding. Its a book full of discriptions, makes you want to read on every chapter. the auther makes the book very touchy, and intreging. At times the book makes you want to cry, its so poiniant. After reading this book I find myslef very lucky to have what I have. There were times when i re-read the paragraph just to see if it was really saying what it was saying. This book is my favourate book of all times, because its not the type of book that I would go for and it had kept me reading and reading for such a long time, which is rare beacause Im not in to books which make you feel sympathetic, but I give this book all the ratings. At first, when i heard about it I thought that this book must be over rated, but after reading it I take it all back. I would advice anyone to read this book. If you feel this book isnt your type by the title, take my word for it, you can like adventure books, factual books, novels, picture books but you will love this book. Thsi book was first introduced ti me by the librian, because every time I went there, i kept asking for books like the goosebumbs, and adventure books like that, and she disided to see what I would think of this book. There are follow ups to this book, which I have read, and personally I dont think they live up to the good standerds set by A child called it

Mind that the sample papers like A child called 'it' presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

"Gambling with the future":A history with and without tradition

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In many literary works, history is a core theme. Such is the case in Shirley Jackson’s “The Lottery” and Thomas King’s “Totem”. Both stories’ themes stress the importance of being critical of history. Each story, however, takes a different approach on the treatment of this theme. “The Lottery” suggests one should question history and tradition, and perhaps it is time to move on or change. In “Totem,” the importance of remembering one’s heritage and past is the intended message and theme. More specifically, the theme stresses the importance of remembering the Native People of Canada who were once so abundant in number. They are a large part of Canada’s heritage, and are very rich in culture and tradition that should not be forgotten.

In Jackson’s “The Lottery,” the characters in the story place great emphasis on the matter of tradition. The plot follows a small village of closely related and well-acquainted people who refuse to let go of past traditions. One such tradition they perform is a ritualistic practice, which they refer to as “the lottery.” This lottery to which they refer, is not the typical kind one would expect. Rather, in this practice tickets are drawn from “the black box” to determine which of the village people was next to be stoned to death. The protagonist of this story, Tessie, ends up being the victim to this lottery, at which point her previously “positive” approach to this ritual changes to a more negative standpoint.

In “Totem,” King takes a slightly different approach on the matter of tradition. This story is centered around a Canadian museum/art gallery, which is dealing with a strange issue where totems keep re-appearing and disrupting the peace. All measures the museum takes to eliminate this problem are futile. There is an evident connection with the totems and native population of Canada. The totems show constant resistance when the museum workers try to be rid of them, hollering and crying louder as though becoming more infuriated with each attempt at removing them. Eventually they are left to be undisturbed.

To be critical of history would be to question the things one does frequently as tradition, and decide whether these traditions, in fact, have any important basis. Traditions are any kind of teaching, written or spoken, handed down from generation to generation. In “The Lottery” as previously stated, the people are not critical of their history, because they don’t question the traditions they partake in. The village in “The Lottery” is so keen on maintaining and upholding their sacred practices that they do so without even any thought. This is made most obvious by the text; “The people had done it so many times that they only half listened to the directions” (). In “Totem,” however, the people at the museum are also not critical of history because they don’t question the traditions of their Country’s past. The author uses a play on irony that shows how in a Canadian historical museum, that with the most historic significance, namely the totems, is shunned upon by the museum workers. The characters in both short stories simply go about their business doing as told without any further thought, but both are on opposite ends of the spectrum.




In both “The Lottery” and “Totem,” the characters are not critical of their history or past, because neither accept change or are open-minded to alternate choices. They are stuck with the mentality that they, and only they are correct. In “The Lottery” the people of the village feel that by maintaining this lottery, they are more civilized than those other villages that have chosen to abolish this practice. This is seen when one of characters from this story, Old Man Warner, says “Pack of crazy fools, listening to young folks, nothing’s good enough for them. Next thing you know, they’ll be wanting to live in caves” (4). Therefore they continue to follow through with their age-old custom. In “Totem,” it is not made blatantly obvious, but since the workers constantly anger the totems by trying to be rid of them, they refuse to consider the totems’ view, which after further investigation can be linked to the Natives’ fight for fairness after the arrival of the first Europeans to Canada. Such an inference can be made when one of the main characters from this story says, “Maybe if we ignore it, it will stop singing. It might even go away or disappear or something” (4). No attempt at accepting the totem and making compromise was made, which implies neither is willing to change or admit they could be wrong in their judgment.

The symbols found in “Totem” and “The Lottery” appear to be very different. However, after further analysis of both stories the universal meaning behind certain symbols is very similar. The story with the more obvious symbol would be “Totem”. As mentioned previously, the totems themselves represent the Native People who once inhabited most of Canada. However, if this story is looked at on a slightly more general perspective, one could say the totems battling the museum by making themselves noticed and attracting attention to themselves represent the fight to keep history alive where it has almost been forgotten. The museum can almost be looked at as a dictator, which one can also interpret the village in “The Lottery” to be as well. Both control their inhabitants, and both leave little room for independent thought. Also, in many ways Tessie of “The Lottery,” and the totems of “Totem,” represent the courageous hero that chooses to stand alone and fight for what they believe is right. In Tessie’s case, this symbolism was only made near the conclusion of the story by her words “’It isn’t fair, it isn’t right” (6). The totems demonstrated their rebellion to the so-called “dictator” throughout the entire course of the story. One can also say the tragic hero in both stories courageously “dies”, but their cause is not lost.

“Totem” and “The Lottery” appear to be completely different stories irrelevant to each other. However, the theme of both stories, which delves into being critical of history, is made a very clear message. Each story is on opposite ends of the extreme. In “Totem” history is forgotten where it is important, whereas in “The Lottery” too much attention is given to history where it is pointless, even harmful, leaving no room for innovative thought. In both stories, neither situation shows the characters to be keen on change or considering another viewpoint different from their own. Symbolic meanings behind each of the points stated works to further support this argument, for they share the same universal meaning. When analyzing both these stories one can interpret a second more concealed message, which is that using what you are told and what you learn, and drawing your own conclusions is the only way to break out of a possibly harmful cycle. Perhaps Hegel was right when he said, “We learn from history that man can never learn anything from history.”



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Exchange rate policy

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Exchange rate policy

The first papers deals with

Exchange rates and the choice of monetary policy regimes -Fewer

monies better monies,by Rudi Dornbusch.




A century ago gold was the standard for civilization.Gradually this had

become international and countries if they were not on gold,at least

they were on sterling or the dollar.After world war one all that fell

apart in the great depression with capital controls,devaluation and

discretionary central banking.

Exchange rates and the choice of monetary policies.

After the great inflation of the 170s,extreme monetary experiences in

most developing nations,the past 0 years have changed monetary

management fundamentally.Emerging economic trend is for

independent central banks with transparency and some inflation

target.Emerging trend is also towards monetary integration.In Europe

they have got the EMU.

In Americas progress on monetary integration is far more

haphazard.Europe and Americas independence makes political

integration an uninteresting issue.A national currency as opposed to a

hard dollar peg,is seen as an unquestioned plus for reasons to be

discovered.

In Asia the discussion of monetary arrangements is picking up at the



(1)

behest of Japan.

(Eiji Ogawa and Takatoshi Ito, 000).



Arguments against currency board arrangements

1.Sovereignty is beyond discussion because of the quality of money

and the emerging economies.

.As far as loss of seigniorage is a critical issue for public finance but

any kind of stability-oriented monetary policy will yield some bonous

but currency boards and dollarization presumably commands the

highest bonus.

.As far as the monetary policy is concerned,the external balance not

the local central bank will determine interest rates so this issue has

very little imporatance.

4.There is a concern about loss of the leader of last resort.

5.Another argument in questioning currency boards is fiscal

preparedness.How a discretionary monetary and exchange rate policy

can accomodate a bad fiscal situation better than a fixed rate.The

savings on debt service from lower interest rate under a currency board

should compensate for the loss of seignorage.

Exchange rate issue

Author argues that disturbance in price levels due to fixed exchange

rate could be tackled by financing.

For relative price adjustments partial adjustment of consumption or

()

investment and current account financing should be most of the

buffer.There should be a flexibility of wages and prices.Author argues

that if anything exchange rates have been the dominant instrument of

destabilization.

Author favours the monetary policy regimes and fixed exchange rates

says that gains come in two forms

1.There is a dramatic decline in interest rates with all attendant

benefits(Francesco Giavazzi and Marc Pagano 188).In case of Greece

and Italy becoming part of EMU the gains were striking and some for

Argentina.

.Transformation of the financial sector and the lengthening of agents

horizons.With low inflation and stable inflation and a stable

currency,economic horizons lengthen,which is conducive to

investment and risk taking which translates in to growth.

Once the economy stabilizes distortions and inefficiencies become far

more apparent and can be targates.

Hence a monetary regime that delivers and mantains low inflation

other things equal will help growth.

Author argues that much talked about case of Argentina as an example

of failure of currency board.The reasons were

1.Argentina has a very high level of debt and very poor fiscal situation.

.Argentina has invested little,economy obsolete,closed.

()

.Legacy of labour relations,unions.

Author says that Mexico is a good candidate for currency board most

trade is with U.S,NAFTA.

.Second article is on A Reconsideration of the twentieth century by

R.A Mundell.Author discusses role of the monetary factor as a

determinant of political events.He argues that many of the political

changes inthe century(which he calls as American Century)have been

caused by little understood perturbances in the international monetary

system,while there in turn have been a consequence of the rise of the

U.S and mistake of its financial arm the Federal Reserve system.

The Author argues that the flexible exchange rates did not provide the

same discipline as the fixed rates.The cost of inflation are much higher

in a world with progressive income tax rates.And a need for and

means of attaining monetary stability can be learned.It is also said that

the policy mix can shift the Phillip curve.Author state that experience

breeds its own reaction as Plato the inflationist gave birth to

Aristotlo,the hard money man.

The reaction in the 180s gave a boost to central bank

independence.Governments had to cut back on spending growth as

well as deficits.

Authors establish that flexible exchange rates are an unnecessary evil

(4)

in a world where each country has achieved price stability.

The main points come out of this article are

¡¤ International monetary system depends on the power

configuration of the countries that make it up.

¡¤ Despite the incredible rise in gold production,Greshams law

came in to play and the dollar elbowed out gold as the principal

international money.

¡¤ In the first third of the twentiethcentury there was a

confrontation of the Federal Reserve System and standard of

gold.

¡¤ The gold standard was broken down in World War1 restored in

10s and created deflation in 10s.The great depression led

to totalitarianism and World War .

¡¤ Second third of the twentieth century was dominated by the

contradiction between national macroeconomics and its

management and new international monetary syatem.U.S fixed

the price of gold and different countries fixed their curriencies

to the convertible dollar 170s U.S stopped fixing price of

gold and other countries stopped fixing the price of dollar.

¡¤ 10 started with the search of new international monetary

architecture.



(5)



Today they talk about stability,fiscal prudence and inflation

control.

¡¤ The dollar,the euro and the yen have established.

¡¤ Things to be corrected are exchange rate volatility and the

absence of international currency.

For inflation and unemployment to control,cuts in marginal tax rates

were needed,tight money would produce price stability.

The third article is on The care for flexible exchange rates.

Author argues that in current economic and political conditions

flexible exchange rates suit more.He says that

1.these conditions make a system of flexible or floating exchange rate

which are freely determined in an open market primarily by private

dealings and like other market prices varying from day to day.

.The achievement and maintenance of a free and prosperous world

community with unrestricted multilateeral trade.

.There is no facet of international economic policy for which the

acceptance of a system of rigid exchange rates does not create serious

problems.

4.Promotion of rearmament ,liberalization of trade,avoidance of

allocations and other direct control,harmonization of internal monetary

and fiscal policies there problems become easier to solve in a world of

(6)

flexible exchange rates and its corollary free convertibility of

currencies.

5.Unrestricted multilateral trade will become a real possibility with

flexible exchange rates.

According to the author instability of exchange rates ia a sympton of

instability in the economic structure.Unrestricted multilateral trade

means no direct quantitative controls over imports and exports.

Author suggests alternative methods of adjusting to changes affecting

international payments.

1.Countrays currency may bid up or put up in price.This will make

currency less desirable relative to the currency of other countries and

thus eliminate the excess demand at preexisting rate.

.Prices within country may rise and thus goods demand within the

country less desirable relative to goods in other countries.



.Direct control over transactions.

4.Excess amount of domestic currency may be provided out of

monetary reserves.

He further argues that changes in the exchange rates may be used to

maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments through

1.flexible exchange rates.

.official changes in rigid rates.

(7)

If Germany had a flexible exchange rate in 150 it would have not

created such a crisis as Germany faced.He further gives the example of

U.K.

He concludes that changes in temporarily rigid exchange rates neither

provide stability nor the continuous sensitivity of a flexible exchange

rate.

While discussing internal prices or income author says that if the

internal prices are as flexible as exchange rates then it would make

little economic differences.Wage rates tend to be among the less

flexible prices.

Direct control on imports,exports and capital movements could bring

about the same effect on trade and the balance as changes in exchange

rates.However the direct controls have a tendency to make the

incentive to export lower than it would otherwise be.

Monetary reserves must be used for to retire debt or to finance a deficit

in the budget to prevent price decline.

He states that flexible exchange rate is the best device suitable for

current conditions as use of reserve is not a feasable device,direct

control are inefficient,changes in internal prices and income are

undesirable.

There are three najor objectives to flexible exchange rates

1.flexible rates increase the degree of uncertainty.

(8)

.make it impossible for exporters and importers to be certain about

the price they will have to pay or receive in foreign exchange.

.speculation in foreign exchange markets tend to be destabilizing.

He argues that there is nothing essential in EPU that would be an

obstacle to flexible exchange rates.Same comments apply to

international monetary funds.

A fixed price for gold can be maintained in one country without

interfering with flexible exchange rates.U.S now has such fixed

price.Gold is a highly safe means of keeping liquid reserve so there

should be a free gold market.

As far as sterling area is concerned,flexible exchange rates could be

instituted within the sterling area and aterling and other currencies or

fixed exchange rates could be retained within the sterling area.

Flexible exchange rates would help in

1.Unrestricted multilateral trade.

.The hormonization of internal monetary and fiscal policies.

.The rearmament drive.

Countries separately or jointly establish a system of exchange rates

freely determined in open market by private transactions,abandonment

of direct controls over echange transactions.This move is a basic

requirement for the economic integration of the free world through

()

multilateral trade.

Emerging trend is towards monetary integration.EMU has given

enough impact on to this.NAFTA is also forwarding towards the

integration.In asia the discussion of monetary arrangements is picking

up.Fixed exchange rate provide decline in interest

rates,inflation,stability,trade and economic upliftment.The dollar,the

euro and the yen have established as three monetary stability

islands.Efforts are moving towards an international currency and fixed

exchange rates.



Mind that the sample papers like Exchange rate policy presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!

Discuss nature and relevance of ‘imitation’ to Aristotle’s Poetics and Stanislavsky’s An Actor Prepares.

We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Discuss nature and relevance of ‘imitation’ to Aristotle’s Poetics and Stanislavsky’s An Actor Prepares. even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Discuss nature and relevance of ‘imitation’ to Aristotle’s Poetics and Stanislavsky’s An Actor Prepares. in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.

Aristotle found the idea of imitating reality morally intrusive. He defined the difference between the arts and broke them down into separate components. These components can be separated into six; Firstly, imitation within a tragedy plot, which is the larger and higher form of art which began as improvisation and then moved into a a broader scope with more actors. Character’s are another component, in so far as you need someone to act out the plot. Thought, whereby ‘something is proved to be or not to be, or a general maxim is enunciated.” Diction is also a component this refers to the language and the meaning of what is being said. Finally the spectacle which deals with sets, costumes, masks etc. Aristotle was an empiricist, he theorised on what was going around him, it is also fair to say that he was a materialist, presenting life as it was lived. In his book the “Poetics’” the layout is simple and effective and makes up what appears to be a series of lecture notes, examining different forms of poetry.

Constantin Stanislavsky in his book ‘An Actor Prepares’ shows through practical examples and demonstrations his theory of acting. His method was based on the idea that all action is to be carried out with intention and must be justified. Comparisons have been drawn between Aristotle and Stanislavsky for the following reasons; they both have the same objective which is to achieve a naturalistic and true to life performance and they both encourage emotional responses. Aristotle and Stanislavsky wanted actors to relate to their characters, however their approaches differed. Aristotle wanted actors and indeed the audience to relate through the plot whereas Stanislavsky wasn’t overly concerned with plot but wanted relation to be drawn through strong characterisation.

There is a long history of imitation in both human and animal behaviours, dating as far back as the nineteenth century. Charles Darwin, collected some examples of what he thought to be imitation in animals, however he did not define what was meant by imitation. Thorndike (188), was perhaps the first to offer a clear definition of what imitation was, he writes “learning to do an act from seeing it done.” Thorndike’s definition captures the idea that in imitation a new behaviour is learned by copying it from a predecessor.

“First the instinct of imitation is implanted in to man from childhood... He is the most imitative of living creatures and through imitation learns his earliest lessons.” This idea presented to us by Aristotle is interesting, he believed that imitation is a part of human nature and is necessary for learning especially within the art of theatre acting and that human beings have an innate desire for knowledge. He thought pleasure could derive from learning something familiar, something thats already depicted in one way or another. This notion can be carried forward and applied to Stanislavsky’s technique of acting. Imitation after all is an understanding, a way of connecting yourself with a subject. This is the basis of Stanislavsky’s theory and the inter linking factor between these two theorists. Stanislavsky discovered that theatre need not be trivial, it was, and still is a way that life can be examined. “Take nothing for granted. Think of your own experiences and use them truthfully.”




“Every invention of the actors imagination must be thoroughly worked out and solidly built on a basis of facts.” The familiarity of imitation gathered over an actors life is the foundation of these “facts” that Stanislavsky discusses here. His theory relies heavily on an actor becoming their character, feelings and actions much be internal as well as external. The actor must use “emotional memory” to arouse thoughts and feelings, in order to give a full performance. The actor tries to connect the characters situation with important events in his own life. This connection can make the character’s display of emotion on stage seem realistic and instant. One of Stanislavsky’s most effective ways of getting the actor to relate and internalise the character is the notion of the “magic if”. This is Stanislavsky’s term for the door that allows the actor to enter the emotional life of the character. According to Stanislavsky if one could master the “magic if’” then it would ensure a true life and naturalistic performance. However it is important to note that the actor may not always have the emotional memory required for a certain part, therefore they must draw upon the idea of imitation. Perhaps by recalling something they have seen on television or in a film, or through recollecting an experience that someone they know went through.

Aristotle feels that tragedy is “An imitation of an a action that is serious, complete and of a certain magnitude,” Shakespeare’s Hamlet is an excellent example of this. The play centres around Hamlet’s search for revenge after his father’s death, this is a “serious” action. The play is “complete” in so far as its events, are concluded in a believable and sensible manner. Hamlet gains revenge by killing his uncle. Hamlet also follows Aristotle’s ideas in terms of being of a “certain magnitude.” The characters are meant to appear to the audience as fully rounded, visions of perfection, but still real enough to relate to. Although Hamlet, is a wealthy prince, he deals with the same issues as the everyday man. He’s confused, paranoid and angered over his father’s death. The audience relates to these common feelings and associates a certain amount of empathy with Hamlet.

Aristotle’s idea of cathartic activity, is employed by Shakespeare to instil pity and fear in his audience. Hamlet suffers “unmerited misfortune” because his father’s death came about suddenly. Adding to Hamlet’s despair his mother has married his uncle, who he suspects killed his father. Diction according to Aristotle is another component that makes the tragedy ever more believable. The character’s speak as they should, the king sounds like a king, which is juxtaposed by the common manner in which the gravedigger’s speak. Hamlet is what Aristotle considered a complex plot.

Aristotle wrote that the most convincing portrayals of anger and distress, for example, were achieved best by performers who truthfully felt those emotions at the moment that they expressed them. He notes that finding the true feeling in the proper time on stage is the key part to a successful performance. Stanislavsky agrees with this idea, “you must live in the passions and in the types. Your acting of them must grow out of your living in them.” Stanislavsky knew there were no shortcuts to truthfulness. After the actor has gathered all the external facts about a character and used his imagination to feel what it’s like to live as that character. Yet there is still the larger issue of understanding the human condition. To gain this the rules are relevant but the process is essential.

Imitation is not only relevant but a central value to both theorists. These theories are interesting because they are informed by reality, but go on to coexist in a fictional world.

Stanislavsky An Actor Prepares

Methuen-

Translated by Elizabeth Reynolds Hapgood

16

Aristotle The Poetics

Penguin, 16

Development and Evolution

Baldwin J.N

Macmillan, New York

10

www.poetics.co.uk/aristotle-shakespeare

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elkins casinos

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Elkins Casinos






There seems to be no question that, at least in the short term, the spread of video lottery

has been profitable from a business standpoint. In the first year of operation of these machines,

under the Limited Video Lottery Act of 001, revenues exceeded projected figures, with sales of

$46 million. By the end of the 00 fiscal year, those sales are expected to top $170 million, a

70% increase.

These machines are profitable not only for the state, but for small business owners as well.

One local Elkins bar owner, after holding out on a welcome to the machines, recently added them.



When asked why in a recent article in the Inter-Mountain, he stated the obvious “They’re

profitable.”

Not only are established businesses profiting from these machines, but they’re also

creating a market for establishments catering specifically to video gaming. In Elkins alone,

several of the new wave of chain “casinos” have opened over the last few months.

So, from a business standpoint, video gambling seems to be paying off. But, what of the



people playing the games? Some politicians look to the economic and social consequences faced

by these people. Senator Sarah Minear recently stated, “I think the people that play the machines

are the ones that can least afford it.”

What ethical responsibility should the state government take? Governments seem to

legislate morality, until they can profit from it. The state is getting its cut from the profits, then

taxing the profits made on the machines by the businesses housing the machines and the vendors

that tend them at the rate of 8% to 5%.

Even from a sheer profitability standpoint, we’re yet to see what economic impact these

machines will have in the long run. Senator Minear said of video gaming, “It creates a financial

hardship on the families which will ultimately be on the state and taxpayers.”

In the short term, some are profiting (some very much so), and some (the gamblers who

can’t afford it) are not. It will be interesting to see what will happen from social and economic

standpoints over the years to come.





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Femme Fatale

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Femme Fatale

Femme Fatale is defined in the Websters Dictionary as firstly, “a seductive woman who lures men into dangerous or compromising situations,” and secondly, “a woman who attracts men by an aura of charm and mystery.” Two English Ballads clearly depict this definition, one entitled “Barbara Allan” and the other by John Keats, “La Belle Dame sans Merci”. Throughout the two, both women are placed in a role that it is much higher in authority and command than their lovers. They control their significant other through their beauty and their charm, just as the definition states. Consequently, both Barbara Allan and La Belle clearly depict the erotic nature of the femme fatale.

In the ballad entitled “Barbara Allan” many characteristics of the femme fatale are extremely evident. Firstly, “Sir John Graeme of the West Countrie” suggests that Barbara Allan’s beauty is something that will allow him a little less pain and suffering as he lay on his deathbed. This is seen throughout the fourth stanza, “Then little better shall he be, for the sight of Barbara Allan”. The suggestion here is that his enchantress has immense control over not only his heart but also his well being and a simple glance at her beauty would allow him tremendous pleasure. In addition, Sir John Graemes affection for Barbara’s charm was something that was continuous throughout the play. Graeme’s love or rather obsession for Barbara was expressed slightly throughout each stanza, for example in stanza number six Sir John proclaims that he would do anything for Barbara Allan, even die, “O, it’s I am sick, and very sick, And it’s all for Barbara Allan.” This

MacCallum




emphasizes the control that Barbara, the femme fatale has over her lover. He is willing to go to the extreme for her. He is willing to die. Moreover, Barbara Allan made an effort to leave her lover at the end of his time, “Gin now on your sickbed you lie, and death with you be dealing; why should I pity on you take? Farewell!’ said Barbara Allan”. This again shows the dominance that femme fatales have over their spouses, although different from La Belle, Barbara returns to her lover by dying herself the next day. Throughout this English Ballad, the message that dominance and authority is contained within the personalities of those whom act as a femme fatale.

Quite similarly to “Barbara Allan”, the ballad written by John Keats entitled “La Belle Dame sans Merci,” depicts the nature and characteristics of a femme fatale. The seductress within this poem is La Belle and many of her actions and personality traits compliment those of Barbara Allan. Firstly, beauty and eloquence are just as evident within La Belle. When her lover exclaims her radiant beauty to a passing stranger, “I met a lady in the meads, full beautiful, a fairy’s child her hair was long, her foot was light, and her eyes were wild”. The lover’s passion for La Belle is depicted throughout his admiration for her magnificence. He is truly captured by her power. In addition to her beauty, La Belle’s charm controls her lover and his mind. He goes into great detail about their experiences together and suggests that he would do anything for her love, “I made a garland for her head, and bracelets too, and fragrant zone; She look’d at me as she did love, and made sweet moan”. The suggestion here is that a simple look of love is enough for her admirer. He is unable to think of anything else and drives himself into sickness

MacCallum

when she eventually leaves him. The control that La Belle had over her lover was so strong that he was unable to surpass her power even after her disappearance. The last stanza suggests the mental and physical state of La Belles lover and how sickness has overcome him due to the loss of her. “And this is why I sojourn here, Alone and palely loitering, Though the sedge is wither’d from the lake, And no birds sing,” this statement emphasizes La Belles lovers desperation and neediness of his one love. The control that La Belle had over her admirer was identical to the control that the femme fatale had over her lover in “Barbara Allan”. This only emphasizes the truth of the definition of the femme fatale, as both poems suggest the woman within the relationship is the dominant partner. Different from Barbara Allan though is the reaction after both women abandoned their partners. On one hand with Barbara, her love was strong enough for her to reunite with Sir John Graeme by dying the following day. Quite opposite though, was La Belle, she did not return after deserting her lover. Although one seductress returned to her lover as the other did not does not affect the control and dominance that they both obtained throughout their relationships. Both women truly expressed the definition of a true femme fatale.

The definition of a femme fatale is expressed through two distinct ballads one by an unknown author entitled, “Barbara Allan,” and the other written by John Keats, “La Belle Dame sans Merci”. It is seen through the two distinct female characters, Barbara Allan and La Belle that both achieve a life of dominance and control over their loved ones. They have complete command and use their beauty and charm to their advantage.





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Analysing the poem Disabled

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Gerry Klein 6..0

Analysing ‘Disabled’

By Wilfred Owen

The poem is divided in to six stanzas with inconsistent number of verses. Owen uses an irregular ABAB rhyme and although there is a rhythm present in the poem, it is not held consistent in every verse however most of the verses contain 10 syllables. In the first stanza Owen talks about the life of a solder after the war and in the second stanza it switches to talking about the memories of the “old times”, in each stanza this switches in the setting is made with exception of the last stanza which breaks the pattern and also takes place after the war.




The poem is written in first person. Alliterations are used three times in this poem to highlight key ideas. In verse five the crippled soldier is longing for the pleasures of his past life as he listens to the “Voices of play and pleasure after day”. In verse nine the mention of “girls glanced” underlines the destruction of his appearance and his affect on the opposite sex, which is clearly another great loss for the soldier as it is mentioned threw out the poem. The last alliteration is in verse 1, “lifetime lapsed” this shows the idea that the soldier’s life is over. He no more can enjoy the pleasure of being cheered on by a crowd or having a lot of admiring attention as he was used to. The soldier is clearly very unhappy with his life and has nothing to look forward to, he sits alone and as shown in the first verse is “waiting for dark”. The solders life has changed extreme he is no more the popular star athlete, which he once was but rather a depressive and helpless creature. He lost his pride and spirit on the battlefield, “He’s lost his colour far from hear, Poured it down shell-holes till the veins ran dry” (verse 17-18). The loss of his colour is an under understatement for all the sacrifice which to boy has made in the war, he left his happiness and joy of life on the battlefield.

The boy enlisted to empress girls even though he was to young to go to war. This in its self is ironic, as he did not need to go to war but still did. However there is more irony the poem, this popular boy who was full of vanity failed in his attempt to receive admiration and instead lost his arm and both legs and with it his social status and attraction from the opposite sex “…Woman’s eyes passed from him to stronger men that where whole.”(verse 4-44). The word “whole” is referring not only to his physical status but also to his mental state as he feels that he has lost his man hood and is worthless. The only attention, which he now receives, is pity “and takes whatever pity they may dole” (verse 4). The poem describes a scene after a football game in which the boy seems to have made a scoring point; “After the matches, carried shoulder-high” (verse ) he is celebrated much more then when he returns from the war, “Only a solemn man who brought him fruit” (verse 8). This is also ironic, as he has sacrificed so much more in the war as he did in the football game where he merely had a “blood smear down his leg” (verse 1).

In the last two verses there is a repetition, “why don’t they come?”, this repetition ends the poem and strengthens the idea that he is now dependant on others for everything. The poem begins and ends on this topic, in the first verse his dependency on a wheelchair is mentioned and in the last two verses his needs to be put into bed by some one else. However he is forgotten and needs to wait of nurses to put him into bed. People where still interested in him when he left to war as a proud man “And soon he was drafted out with drums and cheers” (verse 6) but when he came back as a cripple no one admired him anymore, there only feeling towards him was occasional pity.

The soldier was drunk when he enlisted and did not know what he was getting himself into “And no fear of fear came yet. He thought of jewelled kilts” (verse 1-), this shows his ignorance toward war and what it is really like. When he enlisted he did not waste a thought about the consequences, he was only striving for attention. However he strongly regrets this decision afterwards and can not understand why he enlisted, “He wonders why” (verse 4).

The tone of the poem is set in the first stanza by the use of words such as ‘dark’, ‘grey’, ‘shivered’, and ‘saddening’. The picture of a isolated soldier is strong and the reader has pity for his situation. In the second stanza the mood switches dramatically to show the happy memories, there is a strong clash from this to the soldier’s present situation. From dark to light and from grey to gay. I think the poet porously made such a change in his tone to show sturdily how much misery the war can cause.

I feel that Disabled is an exceptionally well-written poem. I enjoyed that the solders personality was described very clearly; this helps the reader to develop an emotional connection to the pain and loss, which the boy suffered. William Owen did an excellent job in mentioning ideas more that once in the poem, he repeatedly came back to previously mentioned ideas. I enjoyed the thorough description and reasoning made about the development of the solders life and suffering after the war.



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Role of a Professional Manager

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1.a Introduction

This assignment aims at understanding and reinforcing the roles of a professional manager. The approach I have taken in preparing this assignment is to first describe the key concept itself. Then I have given a brief organization background of the firm for which I have considered the case. This is followed by the case in detail.

The sections in this assignment are

1.b Role of a Professional Manager includes




1.b.i Providing purposeful direction to the firm

Generally top-level managers in the firm are involved in this role of setting the mission and objectives for the firm. Middle level and line managers strive to ensure that the employee’s actions are consistent with the firms mission and objectives.

1.b.ii Managing survival and growth

Every firm and the managers must constantly work towards growth to be able to survive in the competitive market. Adapting to market conditions and demands will ensure that the firm is able to cope with changes.

1.b.iii Profit generation

The more output that the manager induce to produce with the same input, the greater will be the profit generated. Profit is the surplus or difference the manager can generate between the value of inputs and outputs.

1.b.iv Meeting the challenge of increasing competition

Competition comes form new or older firms in the same line of business who are evolving their product/service line to constantly keep the customer interested or hooked to its products and services.

1.b.v Managing for innovation

Innovation may involve change in production cycle or in the product itself. Managers need to keep a pulse on customer interests and market trends to be able to innovate and introduce novel ideas into the market.



1.b.vi Building human organization

Investing in identifying, recruiting, training and nurturing the right people with the required talent would go a long way in building human organization. Employees need to be empowered and a sense of belonging needs to be inculcated in them so that they become more productive for the firm.

1.b.vii Retaining talent and inculcating sense of loyalty

To retain talent the manager must provide and ensure that

- The work environment is congenial

- Employees are empowered

- There is job satisfaction

- Recognition awards and rewards for exceptional performance

- Motivation and counseling

- Continuous training and job rotation (where applicable)

- Competitive compensation and benefits

1.b.viii Sustaining leadership effectiveness

To stay effective the manager must know his workforce. Each individual has certain needs and aspirations. The manager must be able to identify the individual and group needs of the subordinates, to be able to work on it. This will help the manager in gathering support and goodwill of the employees and secure his/her leadership position.

1.b.ix Maintaining balance between creativity and conformity

To generate creative ideas is one aspect and to be able to make business sense out of it is all together another paradigm. Many great ideas die due to lack of planned implementation of the idea. Most organizations have different departments for Product development / R&D and sales. While the R&D and development concentrates on what will sell, the Sales department focuses on targets and in recovering investment and generating profits for the firm. While it is good to have creativity, unless they make business sense they should not be pursued in the long run to stay profitable



1.b.x Postponing managerial obsolescence

Managerial obsolescence is a situation when managers become lost in a routine and are no longer able to keep themselves interested in their job profiles. Also obsolescence sets in when managers are not re-trained and offered newer challenges. Many organizations conduct re-orientation programs / workshops for their senior managers in areas identified as requiring development. This helps managers to gather fresh insights into their work and cope with obsolescence.

1.b.xi Meeting the challenge of change

Managers need to be flexible to change. Change in work environment/ location of work/ change in top management/ change in team structures/ change in portfolio/ changes in organization structure/ layoffs, are some of the many kinds of changes that need to be dealt with. Resistance to change is natural, as change requires re-learning and unlearning of existing concepts. Managers must be able to motivate workforce to accept change and be able to come up with the advantages and benefits of change.

1.b.xii Coping with growing technological sophistication

Production and manufacturing process is changing with new innovations and newer technology. Manpower reallocation rather than layoff is an important challenge at the same time maintaining profitability. To accept change it is also important to get employee buy in and acceptance to the change. In early days of computer revolution it was felt that due to the new technology many jobs would become redundant and it would result in mass unemployment. But in reality computers only changed the work profile of employees allowing them to dedicate more time and attention to important critical tasks. Also it gave rise to a new industry and subsidiary industries.

1.b.xiii Coping with growing public criticism and political opposition

There maybe public criticism of a firm’s process, if its operation hinders or harms public convenience or sentiments. The manager has to guard against such situations and look out for potential threats in this area. Political opposition may arise due to policies that are seen as anti establishment, anti poor or anti citizen. An effective manager must be able to ward of such situations by taking necessary corrective action(s) and tackle/explain irrational criticism or opposition.



1.b.xiv Coping with increasing levels of aspirations

Employee aspirations at different levels in the organization may vary. There could be unrealistic aspirations at different levels. This may be due to rapid commercialization and changes in consumer comfort and security needs. Managers must understand the employee psychology and be able to set the expectations right and provide the right kind of benefits to employees to avoid frustration in the workforce.

1.b.xv Maintaining relations with various society segments

The firm exists in an environment consisting of external customers in the form of Government bodies, suppliers, institutions, general public etc. The ideal manager has to be an ambassador of his firm’s ideology and mission. The manager has to be able to contain resentment among society segments to be able to continue in the growth path.





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BOgus Basin

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Promotion

Objectives

• Program Awareness

-In order to reach their target market, they need to focus on their objectives. Bogus Basin first of all needs to focus on making new customers be aware of the programs that they offer.




-Most of Bogus Basin’s marketing budget averaged 6% of total revenues for promoting their ski resort. They need to spend more money on their promotion strategies in order to reach their target market. They’ve only focused on promoting their discount preseason passes known as the “First Tracks.”

-They’ve hired a local advertising agency and a print shop to conceive and produce a variety of marketing communication tools

-In order to provide customers information on the services that they provide, they need to advertise themselves using brochures. .

-Director of skier services and staff made tactical-level product, promotion, and pricing decisions such as adding a new type of ski lesson program, producing new trail maps and brochures.

-They’ve used the promoting technique of direct mail that targeted current and past season holders.

-Bogus Basin used radio, television, and newspaper advertising to reach non-pass holders and newcomers to the Boise area.

They also targeted special mountain events such as races or equipment demonstration days and also were used to announce the start of ski school sessions.

• Program Knowledge

-The second objective Bogus Basin needs to focus on is providing new customers detailed information about their ski resort.

-They need to provide information on the different levels that they offer for beginners, intermediates, and experts. The ski resort has several ski tracks for all levels.

-In order to achieve their promotion objectives and provide knowledge to their customers,, they need to use such tools as ads, sales promotion, public relations, and sales force.

-Bogus Basin uses personal selling to promote its very popular after-school learn-to-ski program for junior and senior high school student. The program was relatively inexpensive for students because it included transportation between Bogus Basin and selected schools, chairlift tickets, lessons, and equipment rentals.

-Bogus Basin also maintained a Website mainly used by skiers to check snow conditions and to learn about upcoming programs and events.

• Program Trial

-The third objective Bogus Basin needs to focus is on having customers try out their ski resort.

-Bogus Basin need to offer discounts or special rates for certain days so that new members can test out the ski tracks and the services that Bogus Basin provides.

-They can offer a single day ticket for adults at the price of one. If the customers are satisfied and have fun at the ski resort, they may want to buy a season pass.

-They can promote by letting any new customers ski for free if they come with a person that already has a season pass.

-Offer new programs and have customers try it out. When the committee recommended a $5.00 ski day, it drew 5,500 visitors to the ski resort.

• Program Repeat

-The final step is to focus on customers purchasing their season passes or daily passes again.

-If Bogus Basin wants to have customers coming back to the ski resort, they will need to do survey on the customers to see what they do or what they do not like about the ski resort.

-Results from the surveys provides Bogus Basin information on what they need to work on to provide customer satisfaction so that they will want to come back to the ski resort.

Conclusion

Based on my Promotional findings, Bogus Basin needs to focus a lot more on their promotion strategy to encourage more customers to try our their ski resort. Since they’re only spending 6% of their revenue on promoting and advertising, they’re not reaching all of their target market. Perhaps they can advertise on billboards, commercials, or magazines. With the Push/Pull marketing tactics that Bogus Basin tried, it’s best that they mainly focus on the Push which is information that is directly delivered to the customers. For example, direct mail and e-mail which are good examples of PUSH information, delivered right to your mailbox. The Web Site that Bogus Basin has is an example of PULL information, for anyone to view as they wish by browsing the address. The Viewer is in control of the PULL.



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