We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Is capital punishment neccesary? even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Is capital punishment neccesary? in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Is Capital Punishment Necessary?
Is capital punishment just? Should the world’s leading democracy be in the business of executing criminals? One would think that the answers would go hand in hand; however, the debate on whether or not the US should be involved in such practices is extremely more complicated than the debate on the justness of capital punishment. The debate on this issue is extremely controversial, if the US decides that capital punishment is unconstitutional then criminals convicted of the very most heinous crimes would not be able to be rightly punished. Those against the use of capital punishment would argue that capital punishment is inhumane, unethical, and unfair; however, their counterparts would argue criminals deserving of capital punishment had no regard for the lives of those affected by their crimes, deserve the death penalty for taking the lives of their innocent victims.
Those who are anti-death penalty argue that taking the life of a murderer does not merit a decent punishment for the crime that he or she has committed. Who is to say that a man has the right to decide if the death penalty is an ethical punishment to be given to an individual for the murder of another? The anti-death penalty view is that no man has the right to decide that an acceptable punishment for the killing of an innocent individual should be the death penalty. The anti-death penalty movement also argues that putting a criminal to death is not only unethical it is also impractical and should also be considered murder.
The opposition to the anti-death penalty movement believes that certain crimes are heinous enough to merit the death penalty. The pro-death penalty movement also believes that if a person is cold-blooded enough to kill innocent person that he or she has the capacity to kill again and indeed deserve the maximum punishment for their crimes. AN article in the June 5, 001 edition of the U.S. News & World Report stated that 80 percent of Americans thought that Timothy McVeigh deserved to die. The article went on to report that McVeigh’s case refuted most common arguments against the death penalty because the crime was so heinous that the severity of the punishment wasn’t an issue, he had excellent representation in court, their was no racism involved in his conviction, and he even admitted his own guilt.
The argument that capital punishment is against some people’s religion is an argument frequently used in their side of the debate against the use of capital punishment. The religious argument is the belief that only God has the right to judge human actions and dish out the punishments for those actions.
Mind that the sample papers like Is capital punishment neccesary? presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Showing posts with label example of an essay. Show all posts
Showing posts with label example of an essay. Show all posts
Wednesday, April 3, 2013
Wednesday, February 6, 2013
Irony in “The Story of an Hour”
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Irony in “The Story of an Hour” even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Irony in “The Story of an Hour” in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Irony is the incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs. Iron has played a very important role in many writing of the past and present, like in “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin. Irony is the element in the story that leaves the leaves the readers surprised. It unfolds in “The Story of an Hour” when Mrs. Mallard believes she is free after being told the news of her husband’s death and then truly being freed by her own death
Soon after Ms. Mallard had received d the news of her husband’s death she rejoices because she believed she was now free all restriction her husband had placed on her. Mrs. Mallard believed that there would be no one to take control of her life. She repeatedly whispered to her self, “free, free, free”(Chopin, 1). She felt as though, “there would be no one to live for her during those next coming years she would live for herself”(1). Since Mrs. Mallard had just received the news of her a reader would perceive that statement as being true. Mrs. Mallard continues on to whisper to herself saying, “free! Body and soul free!”(14).
Not long after Mrs. Mallard was rejoicing her newfound freedom from her husband, the front door unlocks and Mrs. Mallard realizes he was not really dead. Mrs. Mallard comes down stairs and in walks her husband a live as he could be. Seeing Mr. Mallard alive shocked Mrs. Mallard. She was ready to enjoy her new life without Mr. Mallard and was already having thoughts of how her life would be without limitations or boundaries which were placed on her by her husband. When she sees him, Mrs. Mallard knew that her new found freedom would no longer be. That truly frightened her because, “When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease- of the joy that kills”(14). Mrs. Mallard had ultimately found her new freedom from her husband, but through her own death instead of her husband.
The Death of Mrs. Mallard is truly ironic. After hearing the news of Mrs. Mallard’s husband death, A reader would have anticipate, as Mrs. Mallard had done, her freedom from her husband and whatever restrictions he placed on her. Mrs. Mallard was happy and repeatedly said she was free. That left a reader to think that she was free because she no longer had her husband no restrict her. As a reader I would have never thought that Mrs. Mallard would become free through her own death and not her husband’s death.
Irony truly unfolds in “The Story of an Hour” when Mrs. Mallard is freed as she wanted through her own death and not through the death of her husband. Mrs. Mallard Whispered, “Free! Body and Soul Free!”, meaning she no longer had any restrictions over her body or soul. But because of her death, Mrs. Mallard became literally free “body and soul”.
Chopin, Kate. “The Story of an Hour.” The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 6th ed. Boston Bedford/St Martin’s, 00. 1018.
Mind that the sample papers like Irony in “The Story of an Hour” presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Irony is the incongruity between what might be expected and what actually occurs. Iron has played a very important role in many writing of the past and present, like in “The Story of an Hour” by Kate Chopin. Irony is the element in the story that leaves the leaves the readers surprised. It unfolds in “The Story of an Hour” when Mrs. Mallard believes she is free after being told the news of her husband’s death and then truly being freed by her own death
Soon after Ms. Mallard had received d the news of her husband’s death she rejoices because she believed she was now free all restriction her husband had placed on her. Mrs. Mallard believed that there would be no one to take control of her life. She repeatedly whispered to her self, “free, free, free”(Chopin, 1). She felt as though, “there would be no one to live for her during those next coming years she would live for herself”(1). Since Mrs. Mallard had just received the news of her a reader would perceive that statement as being true. Mrs. Mallard continues on to whisper to herself saying, “free! Body and soul free!”(14).
Not long after Mrs. Mallard was rejoicing her newfound freedom from her husband, the front door unlocks and Mrs. Mallard realizes he was not really dead. Mrs. Mallard comes down stairs and in walks her husband a live as he could be. Seeing Mr. Mallard alive shocked Mrs. Mallard. She was ready to enjoy her new life without Mr. Mallard and was already having thoughts of how her life would be without limitations or boundaries which were placed on her by her husband. When she sees him, Mrs. Mallard knew that her new found freedom would no longer be. That truly frightened her because, “When the doctors came they said she had died of heart disease- of the joy that kills”(14). Mrs. Mallard had ultimately found her new freedom from her husband, but through her own death instead of her husband.
The Death of Mrs. Mallard is truly ironic. After hearing the news of Mrs. Mallard’s husband death, A reader would have anticipate, as Mrs. Mallard had done, her freedom from her husband and whatever restrictions he placed on her. Mrs. Mallard was happy and repeatedly said she was free. That left a reader to think that she was free because she no longer had her husband no restrict her. As a reader I would have never thought that Mrs. Mallard would become free through her own death and not her husband’s death.
Irony truly unfolds in “The Story of an Hour” when Mrs. Mallard is freed as she wanted through her own death and not through the death of her husband. Mrs. Mallard Whispered, “Free! Body and Soul Free!”, meaning she no longer had any restrictions over her body or soul. But because of her death, Mrs. Mallard became literally free “body and soul”.
Chopin, Kate. “The Story of an Hour.” The Bedford Introduction to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 6th ed. Boston Bedford/St Martin’s, 00. 1018.
Mind that the sample papers like Irony in “The Story of an Hour” presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Saturday, January 26, 2013
In Those Winter Sundays
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like In Those Winter Sundays even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like In Those Winter Sundays in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
In “Those Winter Sundays,” Robert Hayden emphasizes how as a child he didn’t
appreciate the plain and basic things; his father did for him. Hayden describes to us his
father’s routine on those Winter Sundays and points out that his father was a hard
working man, but temperamental. The speaker discovers that he is now able to
appreciate the affection showed to him by his father, which is something he could not
have done as a child. After reading this poem, instantly the memories of my mother’s
unappreciated lessons entered my mind.
One unappreciated lesson from my mother was to take advice gained through the
wisdom of living. Wisdom is acquired through life when one making mistakes learns
valve lessons. A good example of this is when a person stumbles across a situation in
which an elder person enlightens a younger person with knowledge based on their own
experience like my mother who taught me that those who are wise know how to listen.
For instance, at seventeen and foolishly in love, I dated a rapper of my hometown Puerto
Rico. Like custom in my family I brought him home for the approval of my parents, but
my mother went crazy and didn’t like the idea of me dating him. Back then I didn’t
understand the reasons for her opposition. Against her will I went on with the
relationship and four months later I discovered that he was promiscuous and my mother
knew about it; therefore, she didn’t want me dating a guy like him. I was horrified and
broken hearted when I found out that he was dating three more girls at the same time he
was swearing me love. Everything I knew about love was no longer true. That sour
moment in my youth taught me to listen to my mother’s advice.
Another lesson learned from my mother that wasn’t appreciated was the value of
hard work. The values of hard work are gained through commitment and dedication.
Sometimes being in high school and working is more about earning and spending cash
than achieving future goals. That is where the problem lies. For example, I was working
at a restaurant as a waitress my senior year in high school. That same year my family
was going through an economic crisis, and I wanted to go to college, but my parents
couldn’t afford it. I was expected to contribute to my education and I wasn’t aware of
how careless I was in spending my salary. I wanted to go out with friends and working
didn’t fit into my social life. So I quit my job a the restaurant. As result, I learned the
hard way that hard work always pays off. I lost two years of college education. Had I
listened to my mother’s advice, I may have been able to pay my own way , but
unfortunately, I had to work two years after high school to afford college.
Having lived through these experiences I can say that I have become a wiser
person who has learned not only the value of hard work, but also the worth of my
mother’s advice
Mind that the sample papers like In Those Winter Sundays presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
In “Those Winter Sundays,” Robert Hayden emphasizes how as a child he didn’t
appreciate the plain and basic things; his father did for him. Hayden describes to us his
father’s routine on those Winter Sundays and points out that his father was a hard
working man, but temperamental. The speaker discovers that he is now able to
appreciate the affection showed to him by his father, which is something he could not
have done as a child. After reading this poem, instantly the memories of my mother’s
unappreciated lessons entered my mind.
One unappreciated lesson from my mother was to take advice gained through the
wisdom of living. Wisdom is acquired through life when one making mistakes learns
valve lessons. A good example of this is when a person stumbles across a situation in
which an elder person enlightens a younger person with knowledge based on their own
experience like my mother who taught me that those who are wise know how to listen.
For instance, at seventeen and foolishly in love, I dated a rapper of my hometown Puerto
Rico. Like custom in my family I brought him home for the approval of my parents, but
my mother went crazy and didn’t like the idea of me dating him. Back then I didn’t
understand the reasons for her opposition. Against her will I went on with the
relationship and four months later I discovered that he was promiscuous and my mother
knew about it; therefore, she didn’t want me dating a guy like him. I was horrified and
broken hearted when I found out that he was dating three more girls at the same time he
was swearing me love. Everything I knew about love was no longer true. That sour
moment in my youth taught me to listen to my mother’s advice.
Another lesson learned from my mother that wasn’t appreciated was the value of
hard work. The values of hard work are gained through commitment and dedication.
Sometimes being in high school and working is more about earning and spending cash
than achieving future goals. That is where the problem lies. For example, I was working
at a restaurant as a waitress my senior year in high school. That same year my family
was going through an economic crisis, and I wanted to go to college, but my parents
couldn’t afford it. I was expected to contribute to my education and I wasn’t aware of
how careless I was in spending my salary. I wanted to go out with friends and working
didn’t fit into my social life. So I quit my job a the restaurant. As result, I learned the
hard way that hard work always pays off. I lost two years of college education. Had I
listened to my mother’s advice, I may have been able to pay my own way , but
unfortunately, I had to work two years after high school to afford college.
Having lived through these experiences I can say that I have become a wiser
person who has learned not only the value of hard work, but also the worth of my
mother’s advice
Mind that the sample papers like In Those Winter Sundays presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Tuesday, January 22, 2013
violence
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like violence even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like violence in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Bart and Cletus were playing kickball in the park one day, when all of a sudden Hubert and his buddies pulled up to the park and began to open fire. Bart and Cletus tried to run and dodge the bullets. They were both shot and killed instantly. Why are killings like this happening? Why do kids think that it is ok to show their violence and hurt others? And can or will it ever be stopped?
I believe that the killings among kids today is do to the evil that is in all people, according to the theme of William Goldwins Lord of the Flies. The evil inside of young kids today is coming out more and more than in the past. And I think that it is due to the fact that many kids today have divorced or single parents, as a result kids may be joining or getting involved in trouble. With the absence of a parent or a broken home, kids are missing an authority figure. Without an authority figure kids have no one to tell them what is right or wrong, so they go out and do whatever they want and let the evil inside of them show.
With kids not knowing what is right or wrong the smallest things can easily influence them. Television is one big factor that I think influences kids the most. The shows on television show violence and killings everyday. And some kids don’t realize that the shows on television aren’t reality. They think that the violent actions shown on television are real and that it’s ok to go out and do what they see on television. Another big influence that brings out evil in kids today is certain kinds of music. The lyrics in some songs today tell kids that it’s ok to go out and hurt other people. Some lyrics also tell kids to show hatred toward others because they’re of a different race or gender. And with popular artist singing rhymes about violence lets kids know that if the artist says its ok, so the kids think that it’s ok.
Another big influence on young kids today is the crowd or friends that they hang out with. Most kids today who let their evil show in violence often hang out with the bad crowd. One way to stop this problem is having activities that keep the kids busy after school. If their are activities for the kids to do then their spending most of their free time with the activities instead if getting into trouble with others. And it is also the parent’s guardian’s job to know whom their kids hang out with, where their kids are going to be at, and what their kids are doing. With the parents or guardians stepping up and knowing what their kids do this could possible stop them from hanging out with the wrong kind of people who get into trouble all the time.
I believe that the killings among young people today can be stopped. The evil inside of kids today can be stopped. Teaching kids at a young age the difference between what is right and wrong can stop the evil actions. Parents could be more of an authority figure to their kids by laying down the law. And by knowing what kind of shows they watch on television, what kind of music they listen to, and the people that they hang out with.
Mind that the sample papers like violence presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Bart and Cletus were playing kickball in the park one day, when all of a sudden Hubert and his buddies pulled up to the park and began to open fire. Bart and Cletus tried to run and dodge the bullets. They were both shot and killed instantly. Why are killings like this happening? Why do kids think that it is ok to show their violence and hurt others? And can or will it ever be stopped?
I believe that the killings among kids today is do to the evil that is in all people, according to the theme of William Goldwins Lord of the Flies. The evil inside of young kids today is coming out more and more than in the past. And I think that it is due to the fact that many kids today have divorced or single parents, as a result kids may be joining or getting involved in trouble. With the absence of a parent or a broken home, kids are missing an authority figure. Without an authority figure kids have no one to tell them what is right or wrong, so they go out and do whatever they want and let the evil inside of them show.
With kids not knowing what is right or wrong the smallest things can easily influence them. Television is one big factor that I think influences kids the most. The shows on television show violence and killings everyday. And some kids don’t realize that the shows on television aren’t reality. They think that the violent actions shown on television are real and that it’s ok to go out and do what they see on television. Another big influence that brings out evil in kids today is certain kinds of music. The lyrics in some songs today tell kids that it’s ok to go out and hurt other people. Some lyrics also tell kids to show hatred toward others because they’re of a different race or gender. And with popular artist singing rhymes about violence lets kids know that if the artist says its ok, so the kids think that it’s ok.
Another big influence on young kids today is the crowd or friends that they hang out with. Most kids today who let their evil show in violence often hang out with the bad crowd. One way to stop this problem is having activities that keep the kids busy after school. If their are activities for the kids to do then their spending most of their free time with the activities instead if getting into trouble with others. And it is also the parent’s guardian’s job to know whom their kids hang out with, where their kids are going to be at, and what their kids are doing. With the parents or guardians stepping up and knowing what their kids do this could possible stop them from hanging out with the wrong kind of people who get into trouble all the time.
I believe that the killings among young people today can be stopped. The evil inside of kids today can be stopped. Teaching kids at a young age the difference between what is right and wrong can stop the evil actions. Parents could be more of an authority figure to their kids by laying down the law. And by knowing what kind of shows they watch on television, what kind of music they listen to, and the people that they hang out with.
Mind that the sample papers like violence presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, October 22, 2012
Fifty-five
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Fifty-five even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Fifty-five in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Special Agent in Charge Donald Kincaid of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) said those arrested face firearms, drug and other charges.
The raids, the result of a two-year investigation, took place in California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington and Alaska, and involved federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, Kincaid said in a statement.
This joint operation is just one small part of ATFs ongoing, collaborative efforts to reduce violent crime, particularly as it relates to gang violence and firearms-related violent crime, his statement said.
Those arrested were taken into custody for alleged violations of narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes, the ATF statement said.
Authorities confiscated about 50 firearms, narcotics and stolen explosives in the raids in the Western states.
The ATF statement said Hells Angels dates back to the 140s and has about ,500 full-fledged members and prospects worldwide.
The gang is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, firearms and explosives trafficking, extortion, and motorcycle theft, the statement said.
It added that the Hells Angels are considered the largest and most heavily armed of all the outlaw motorcycle gangs. Special Agent in Charge Donald Kincaid of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) said those arrested face firearms, drug and other charges.
The raids, the result of a two-year investigation, took place in California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington and Alaska, and involved federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, Kincaid said in a statement.
This joint operation is just one small part of ATFs ongoing, collaborative efforts to reduce violent crime, particularly as it relates to gang violence and firearms-related violent crime, his statement said.
Those arrested were taken into custody for alleged violations of narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes, the ATF statement said.
Authorities confiscated about 50 firearms, narcotics and stolen explosives in the raids in the Western states.
The ATF statement said Hells Angels dates back to the 140s and has about ,500 full-fledged members and prospects worldwide.
The gang is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, firearms and explosives trafficking, extortion, and motorcycle theft, the statement said.
It added that the Hells Angels are considered the largest and most heavily armed of all the outlaw motorcycle gangsThose arrested were taken into custody for alleged violations of narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes, the ATF statement said.
Authorities confiscated about 50 firearms, narcotics and stolen explosives in the raids in the Western states.
The ATF statement said Hells Angels dates back to the 140s and has about ,500 full-fledged members and prospects worldwide.
The gang is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, firearms and explosives trafficking, extortion, and motorcycle theft, the statement said.
It added that the Hells Angels are considered the largest and most heavily armed of all the outlaw motorcycle gangs.
.
Special Agent in Charge Donald Kincaid of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) said those arrested face firearms, drug and other charges.
The raids, the result of a two-year investigation, took place in California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington and Alaska, and involved federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, Kincaid said in a statement.
Mind that the sample papers like Fifty-five presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Special Agent in Charge Donald Kincaid of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) said those arrested face firearms, drug and other charges.
The raids, the result of a two-year investigation, took place in California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington and Alaska, and involved federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, Kincaid said in a statement.
This joint operation is just one small part of ATFs ongoing, collaborative efforts to reduce violent crime, particularly as it relates to gang violence and firearms-related violent crime, his statement said.
Those arrested were taken into custody for alleged violations of narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes, the ATF statement said.
Authorities confiscated about 50 firearms, narcotics and stolen explosives in the raids in the Western states.
The ATF statement said Hells Angels dates back to the 140s and has about ,500 full-fledged members and prospects worldwide.
The gang is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, firearms and explosives trafficking, extortion, and motorcycle theft, the statement said.
It added that the Hells Angels are considered the largest and most heavily armed of all the outlaw motorcycle gangs. Special Agent in Charge Donald Kincaid of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) said those arrested face firearms, drug and other charges.
The raids, the result of a two-year investigation, took place in California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington and Alaska, and involved federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, Kincaid said in a statement.
This joint operation is just one small part of ATFs ongoing, collaborative efforts to reduce violent crime, particularly as it relates to gang violence and firearms-related violent crime, his statement said.
Those arrested were taken into custody for alleged violations of narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes, the ATF statement said.
Authorities confiscated about 50 firearms, narcotics and stolen explosives in the raids in the Western states.
The ATF statement said Hells Angels dates back to the 140s and has about ,500 full-fledged members and prospects worldwide.
The gang is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, firearms and explosives trafficking, extortion, and motorcycle theft, the statement said.
It added that the Hells Angels are considered the largest and most heavily armed of all the outlaw motorcycle gangsThose arrested were taken into custody for alleged violations of narcotics trafficking, firearms violations, possessing stolen explosives and various other crimes, the ATF statement said.
Authorities confiscated about 50 firearms, narcotics and stolen explosives in the raids in the Western states.
The ATF statement said Hells Angels dates back to the 140s and has about ,500 full-fledged members and prospects worldwide.
The gang is believed to be involved in a variety of criminal activities, including the manufacture and distribution of methamphetamine, firearms and explosives trafficking, extortion, and motorcycle theft, the statement said.
It added that the Hells Angels are considered the largest and most heavily armed of all the outlaw motorcycle gangs.
.
Special Agent in Charge Donald Kincaid of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) said those arrested face firearms, drug and other charges.
The raids, the result of a two-year investigation, took place in California, Nevada, Arizona, Washington and Alaska, and involved federal, state and local law enforcement agencies, Kincaid said in a statement.
Mind that the sample papers like Fifty-five presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, September 27, 2012
Acquired needs
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Acquired needs even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Acquired needs in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
There are many things that motivate people and affect their behavior. In the 140’s a psychologist by the name of David I. McClelland developed a theory about human needs. This theory focused on the needs people acquired through their life experiences. It is basically an explanation of human needs that focuses on the desires for achievement, power, and affiliation that people develop as a result of their life experiences. He came up with three needs that people develop in their lifetime. The need to achieve is “the desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has ever been done before”. (Certo 87) McClelland claims that some peoples needs to achieve is so strong that it is more motivating that the quest for profits. These type people set goals that are challenging, yet achievable. They assume risks, but assess them very carefully for fear of failure. People with low need for achievement generally avoid challenges, responsibilities or risks. The need for power is “the desire to maintain close, friendly personal relationships (Certo 87). These people are motivated to influence others and to assume responsibility for subordinates’ behavior. They seek advancement and take on increasing responsibility that will earn them advancement. They are comfortable in competitive situations and enjoy the decision making role. The need for affiliation is “the desire to maintain close, friendly personal relationships (Certo 87). These people usually have a cooperative, team-centered managerial style. They influence subordinates to complete tasks through team efforts. McClelland believes that there is danger associated with this type manager and that they could possibly loose their effectiveness if their need for social acceptance and friendship interfere with their willingness to make managerial decisions. For managers to be effective, they need to be able to identify the presence of one of the three theories “in order to create work environments that are responsive to the respective need profiles (UOP Section 157)
Works Cited
Certo, Samuel C. Modern Management. 7th Ed. Prentice Hall New Jersey 17
UOP Section text
Mind that the sample papers like Acquired needs presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
There are many things that motivate people and affect their behavior. In the 140’s a psychologist by the name of David I. McClelland developed a theory about human needs. This theory focused on the needs people acquired through their life experiences. It is basically an explanation of human needs that focuses on the desires for achievement, power, and affiliation that people develop as a result of their life experiences. He came up with three needs that people develop in their lifetime. The need to achieve is “the desire to do something better or more efficiently than it has ever been done before”. (Certo 87) McClelland claims that some peoples needs to achieve is so strong that it is more motivating that the quest for profits. These type people set goals that are challenging, yet achievable. They assume risks, but assess them very carefully for fear of failure. People with low need for achievement generally avoid challenges, responsibilities or risks. The need for power is “the desire to maintain close, friendly personal relationships (Certo 87). These people are motivated to influence others and to assume responsibility for subordinates’ behavior. They seek advancement and take on increasing responsibility that will earn them advancement. They are comfortable in competitive situations and enjoy the decision making role. The need for affiliation is “the desire to maintain close, friendly personal relationships (Certo 87). These people usually have a cooperative, team-centered managerial style. They influence subordinates to complete tasks through team efforts. McClelland believes that there is danger associated with this type manager and that they could possibly loose their effectiveness if their need for social acceptance and friendship interfere with their willingness to make managerial decisions. For managers to be effective, they need to be able to identify the presence of one of the three theories “in order to create work environments that are responsive to the respective need profiles (UOP Section 157)
Works Cited
Certo, Samuel C. Modern Management. 7th Ed. Prentice Hall New Jersey 17
UOP Section text
Mind that the sample papers like Acquired needs presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Accounting- Internal control
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Accounting- Internal control even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Accounting- Internal control in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The purpose of the system of internal accounting controls is to make sure a business is operating according to the policies and plans of management in regards with measures that have a direct relation to the protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting information. A system of internal control in a business is set up to safeguard the business’ resources against waste or fraud, to guarantee the accuracy of accounting information, to assess performance of the company and to make sure that company policies are being followed.
To attain well functioning internal control, there are certain guidelines that can be used. The first would be to establish clear lines of responsibility. Businesses should assign responsibilities to an individual or a department. Clear descriptions of each department should be recorded to avoid any possible problems later. Each type of transaction should have routine procedures to be followed in order to direct activities of the business as planned, according to company policies. Every transaction should be authorized, approved, executed and recorded. The most important measure to take is probably the subdivision of duties. By making sure that the same person or department does not handle a transaction completely from beginning to end but instead duties are divided amongst employee, the data is more reliable and will have fewer errors. With the subdivision of duties businesses should also separate accounting function from custody of assets. What this means is that an employee who has access to or is in charge of an asset should not keep the accounting record for the asset. This guideline protects the assets from inefficient use, wasting or theft. Subdivision of duties also aids in the prevention of fraud. This way one employee’s work verifies the work of the other reducing opportunities for engaging in fraud are restricted. Organizations could also adopt measures like internal auditing, financial forecasts, serially numbering documents and training personnel so that they are competent to achieve internal control.
The business I chose for my report, FGI world, is a private counseling firm with offices around the world. To ensure control over cash payments and cash receipts in the business duties are divided among the employees. One employee receives the mail. He is responsible for opening and adding all the cheques. Another person has the job of adding them up again and depositing them in the bank. The two totals are matched everyday to ensure that there are no discrepancies. In this business all payments are by cheques and no credit cards or cash payments are processed. There are also different employees to invoice the customer and to apply the payments to the customers account.
In smaller businesses in which divisions of duties would be impractical three cash related internal control practices would be to have in place a good cash register system, a daily audit of cash transactions and an audit trail.
When it comes to ensuring that all money is received and recorded for every sale made for the purpose of recording revenue a monthly reconciliation of Bank account and accounts receivable and a monthly reconciliation of budgeted revenue and actual revenue are performed. Separate journals and subsidiary ledgers have been set up. By reconciling the accounts to one another, they are proving the equality of subsidiary ledgers to the controlling accounts. This process will help identify any errors.
Since FGI is a service business not a merchandising business they do not really have an inventory. However, management ensures that other assets such as office supplies are protected from waste and fraud by having an employee you distributes supplies and has a logging book where employees receiving the supplies have to sign off. This practice helps them monitor the use of the office supplies. To ensure that fixed assets are safe every fixed asset purchase is labeled or given a serial number. An inventory count is also done on a regular basis (twice a year).
Management ensures that all financial information is reliable by dividing duties. Each transaction is handled by several employees to ensure that data is accurate. An external auditor also conducts an audit every year.
A measure that could be taken to enhance the effectiveness of internal control in this company would be to introduce internal auditing. By having internal auditors who monitor the accounting controls, the efficiency and reliability of accounting information can improve. Another step they could take is to prepare a financial forecast. That is to organize a plan of operation to set goals for each division of the business. At the end of each month when actual results are compared with forecast amounts management can inspect changes from their intended results.
Mind that the sample papers like Accounting- Internal control presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The purpose of the system of internal accounting controls is to make sure a business is operating according to the policies and plans of management in regards with measures that have a direct relation to the protection of assets and to the reliability of accounting information. A system of internal control in a business is set up to safeguard the business’ resources against waste or fraud, to guarantee the accuracy of accounting information, to assess performance of the company and to make sure that company policies are being followed.
To attain well functioning internal control, there are certain guidelines that can be used. The first would be to establish clear lines of responsibility. Businesses should assign responsibilities to an individual or a department. Clear descriptions of each department should be recorded to avoid any possible problems later. Each type of transaction should have routine procedures to be followed in order to direct activities of the business as planned, according to company policies. Every transaction should be authorized, approved, executed and recorded. The most important measure to take is probably the subdivision of duties. By making sure that the same person or department does not handle a transaction completely from beginning to end but instead duties are divided amongst employee, the data is more reliable and will have fewer errors. With the subdivision of duties businesses should also separate accounting function from custody of assets. What this means is that an employee who has access to or is in charge of an asset should not keep the accounting record for the asset. This guideline protects the assets from inefficient use, wasting or theft. Subdivision of duties also aids in the prevention of fraud. This way one employee’s work verifies the work of the other reducing opportunities for engaging in fraud are restricted. Organizations could also adopt measures like internal auditing, financial forecasts, serially numbering documents and training personnel so that they are competent to achieve internal control.
The business I chose for my report, FGI world, is a private counseling firm with offices around the world. To ensure control over cash payments and cash receipts in the business duties are divided among the employees. One employee receives the mail. He is responsible for opening and adding all the cheques. Another person has the job of adding them up again and depositing them in the bank. The two totals are matched everyday to ensure that there are no discrepancies. In this business all payments are by cheques and no credit cards or cash payments are processed. There are also different employees to invoice the customer and to apply the payments to the customers account.
In smaller businesses in which divisions of duties would be impractical three cash related internal control practices would be to have in place a good cash register system, a daily audit of cash transactions and an audit trail.
When it comes to ensuring that all money is received and recorded for every sale made for the purpose of recording revenue a monthly reconciliation of Bank account and accounts receivable and a monthly reconciliation of budgeted revenue and actual revenue are performed. Separate journals and subsidiary ledgers have been set up. By reconciling the accounts to one another, they are proving the equality of subsidiary ledgers to the controlling accounts. This process will help identify any errors.
Since FGI is a service business not a merchandising business they do not really have an inventory. However, management ensures that other assets such as office supplies are protected from waste and fraud by having an employee you distributes supplies and has a logging book where employees receiving the supplies have to sign off. This practice helps them monitor the use of the office supplies. To ensure that fixed assets are safe every fixed asset purchase is labeled or given a serial number. An inventory count is also done on a regular basis (twice a year).
Management ensures that all financial information is reliable by dividing duties. Each transaction is handled by several employees to ensure that data is accurate. An external auditor also conducts an audit every year.
A measure that could be taken to enhance the effectiveness of internal control in this company would be to introduce internal auditing. By having internal auditors who monitor the accounting controls, the efficiency and reliability of accounting information can improve. Another step they could take is to prepare a financial forecast. That is to organize a plan of operation to set goals for each division of the business. At the end of each month when actual results are compared with forecast amounts management can inspect changes from their intended results.
Mind that the sample papers like Accounting- Internal control presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, August 20, 2012
Exchange rate policy
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Exchange rate policy even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Exchange rate policy in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
Exchange rate policy
The first papers deals with
Exchange rates and the choice of monetary policy regimes -Fewer
monies better monies,by Rudi Dornbusch.
A century ago gold was the standard for civilization.Gradually this had
become international and countries if they were not on gold,at least
they were on sterling or the dollar.After world war one all that fell
apart in the great depression with capital controls,devaluation and
discretionary central banking.
Exchange rates and the choice of monetary policies.
After the great inflation of the 170s,extreme monetary experiences in
most developing nations,the past 0 years have changed monetary
management fundamentally.Emerging economic trend is for
independent central banks with transparency and some inflation
target.Emerging trend is also towards monetary integration.In Europe
they have got the EMU.
In Americas progress on monetary integration is far more
haphazard.Europe and Americas independence makes political
integration an uninteresting issue.A national currency as opposed to a
hard dollar peg,is seen as an unquestioned plus for reasons to be
discovered.
In Asia the discussion of monetary arrangements is picking up at the
(1)
behest of Japan.
(Eiji Ogawa and Takatoshi Ito, 000).
Arguments against currency board arrangements
1.Sovereignty is beyond discussion because of the quality of money
and the emerging economies.
.As far as loss of seigniorage is a critical issue for public finance but
any kind of stability-oriented monetary policy will yield some bonous
but currency boards and dollarization presumably commands the
highest bonus.
.As far as the monetary policy is concerned,the external balance not
the local central bank will determine interest rates so this issue has
very little imporatance.
4.There is a concern about loss of the leader of last resort.
5.Another argument in questioning currency boards is fiscal
preparedness.How a discretionary monetary and exchange rate policy
can accomodate a bad fiscal situation better than a fixed rate.The
savings on debt service from lower interest rate under a currency board
should compensate for the loss of seignorage.
Exchange rate issue
Author argues that disturbance in price levels due to fixed exchange
rate could be tackled by financing.
For relative price adjustments partial adjustment of consumption or
()
investment and current account financing should be most of the
buffer.There should be a flexibility of wages and prices.Author argues
that if anything exchange rates have been the dominant instrument of
destabilization.
Author favours the monetary policy regimes and fixed exchange rates
says that gains come in two forms
1.There is a dramatic decline in interest rates with all attendant
benefits(Francesco Giavazzi and Marc Pagano 188).In case of Greece
and Italy becoming part of EMU the gains were striking and some for
Argentina.
.Transformation of the financial sector and the lengthening of agents
horizons.With low inflation and stable inflation and a stable
currency,economic horizons lengthen,which is conducive to
investment and risk taking which translates in to growth.
Once the economy stabilizes distortions and inefficiencies become far
more apparent and can be targates.
Hence a monetary regime that delivers and mantains low inflation
other things equal will help growth.
Author argues that much talked about case of Argentina as an example
of failure of currency board.The reasons were
1.Argentina has a very high level of debt and very poor fiscal situation.
.Argentina has invested little,economy obsolete,closed.
()
.Legacy of labour relations,unions.
Author says that Mexico is a good candidate for currency board most
trade is with U.S,NAFTA.
.Second article is on A Reconsideration of the twentieth century by
R.A Mundell.Author discusses role of the monetary factor as a
determinant of political events.He argues that many of the political
changes inthe century(which he calls as American Century)have been
caused by little understood perturbances in the international monetary
system,while there in turn have been a consequence of the rise of the
U.S and mistake of its financial arm the Federal Reserve system.
The Author argues that the flexible exchange rates did not provide the
same discipline as the fixed rates.The cost of inflation are much higher
in a world with progressive income tax rates.And a need for and
means of attaining monetary stability can be learned.It is also said that
the policy mix can shift the Phillip curve.Author state that experience
breeds its own reaction as Plato the inflationist gave birth to
Aristotlo,the hard money man.
The reaction in the 180s gave a boost to central bank
independence.Governments had to cut back on spending growth as
well as deficits.
Authors establish that flexible exchange rates are an unnecessary evil
(4)
in a world where each country has achieved price stability.
The main points come out of this article are
¡¤ International monetary system depends on the power
configuration of the countries that make it up.
¡¤ Despite the incredible rise in gold production,Greshams law
came in to play and the dollar elbowed out gold as the principal
international money.
¡¤ In the first third of the twentiethcentury there was a
confrontation of the Federal Reserve System and standard of
gold.
¡¤ The gold standard was broken down in World War1 restored in
10s and created deflation in 10s.The great depression led
to totalitarianism and World War .
¡¤ Second third of the twentieth century was dominated by the
contradiction between national macroeconomics and its
management and new international monetary syatem.U.S fixed
the price of gold and different countries fixed their curriencies
to the convertible dollar 170s U.S stopped fixing price of
gold and other countries stopped fixing the price of dollar.
¡¤ 10 started with the search of new international monetary
architecture.
(5)
Today they talk about stability,fiscal prudence and inflation
control.
¡¤ The dollar,the euro and the yen have established.
¡¤ Things to be corrected are exchange rate volatility and the
absence of international currency.
For inflation and unemployment to control,cuts in marginal tax rates
were needed,tight money would produce price stability.
The third article is on The care for flexible exchange rates.
Author argues that in current economic and political conditions
flexible exchange rates suit more.He says that
1.these conditions make a system of flexible or floating exchange rate
which are freely determined in an open market primarily by private
dealings and like other market prices varying from day to day.
.The achievement and maintenance of a free and prosperous world
community with unrestricted multilateeral trade.
.There is no facet of international economic policy for which the
acceptance of a system of rigid exchange rates does not create serious
problems.
4.Promotion of rearmament ,liberalization of trade,avoidance of
allocations and other direct control,harmonization of internal monetary
and fiscal policies there problems become easier to solve in a world of
(6)
flexible exchange rates and its corollary free convertibility of
currencies.
5.Unrestricted multilateral trade will become a real possibility with
flexible exchange rates.
According to the author instability of exchange rates ia a sympton of
instability in the economic structure.Unrestricted multilateral trade
means no direct quantitative controls over imports and exports.
Author suggests alternative methods of adjusting to changes affecting
international payments.
1.Countrays currency may bid up or put up in price.This will make
currency less desirable relative to the currency of other countries and
thus eliminate the excess demand at preexisting rate.
.Prices within country may rise and thus goods demand within the
country less desirable relative to goods in other countries.
.Direct control over transactions.
4.Excess amount of domestic currency may be provided out of
monetary reserves.
He further argues that changes in the exchange rates may be used to
maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments through
1.flexible exchange rates.
.official changes in rigid rates.
(7)
If Germany had a flexible exchange rate in 150 it would have not
created such a crisis as Germany faced.He further gives the example of
U.K.
He concludes that changes in temporarily rigid exchange rates neither
provide stability nor the continuous sensitivity of a flexible exchange
rate.
While discussing internal prices or income author says that if the
internal prices are as flexible as exchange rates then it would make
little economic differences.Wage rates tend to be among the less
flexible prices.
Direct control on imports,exports and capital movements could bring
about the same effect on trade and the balance as changes in exchange
rates.However the direct controls have a tendency to make the
incentive to export lower than it would otherwise be.
Monetary reserves must be used for to retire debt or to finance a deficit
in the budget to prevent price decline.
He states that flexible exchange rate is the best device suitable for
current conditions as use of reserve is not a feasable device,direct
control are inefficient,changes in internal prices and income are
undesirable.
There are three najor objectives to flexible exchange rates
1.flexible rates increase the degree of uncertainty.
(8)
.make it impossible for exporters and importers to be certain about
the price they will have to pay or receive in foreign exchange.
.speculation in foreign exchange markets tend to be destabilizing.
He argues that there is nothing essential in EPU that would be an
obstacle to flexible exchange rates.Same comments apply to
international monetary funds.
A fixed price for gold can be maintained in one country without
interfering with flexible exchange rates.U.S now has such fixed
price.Gold is a highly safe means of keeping liquid reserve so there
should be a free gold market.
As far as sterling area is concerned,flexible exchange rates could be
instituted within the sterling area and aterling and other currencies or
fixed exchange rates could be retained within the sterling area.
Flexible exchange rates would help in
1.Unrestricted multilateral trade.
.The hormonization of internal monetary and fiscal policies.
.The rearmament drive.
Countries separately or jointly establish a system of exchange rates
freely determined in open market by private transactions,abandonment
of direct controls over echange transactions.This move is a basic
requirement for the economic integration of the free world through
()
multilateral trade.
Emerging trend is towards monetary integration.EMU has given
enough impact on to this.NAFTA is also forwarding towards the
integration.In asia the discussion of monetary arrangements is picking
up.Fixed exchange rate provide decline in interest
rates,inflation,stability,trade and economic upliftment.The dollar,the
euro and the yen have established as three monetary stability
islands.Efforts are moving towards an international currency and fixed
exchange rates.
Mind that the sample papers like Exchange rate policy presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Exchange rate policy
The first papers deals with
Exchange rates and the choice of monetary policy regimes -Fewer
monies better monies,by Rudi Dornbusch.
A century ago gold was the standard for civilization.Gradually this had
become international and countries if they were not on gold,at least
they were on sterling or the dollar.After world war one all that fell
apart in the great depression with capital controls,devaluation and
discretionary central banking.
Exchange rates and the choice of monetary policies.
After the great inflation of the 170s,extreme monetary experiences in
most developing nations,the past 0 years have changed monetary
management fundamentally.Emerging economic trend is for
independent central banks with transparency and some inflation
target.Emerging trend is also towards monetary integration.In Europe
they have got the EMU.
In Americas progress on monetary integration is far more
haphazard.Europe and Americas independence makes political
integration an uninteresting issue.A national currency as opposed to a
hard dollar peg,is seen as an unquestioned plus for reasons to be
discovered.
In Asia the discussion of monetary arrangements is picking up at the
(1)
behest of Japan.
(Eiji Ogawa and Takatoshi Ito, 000).
Arguments against currency board arrangements
1.Sovereignty is beyond discussion because of the quality of money
and the emerging economies.
.As far as loss of seigniorage is a critical issue for public finance but
any kind of stability-oriented monetary policy will yield some bonous
but currency boards and dollarization presumably commands the
highest bonus.
.As far as the monetary policy is concerned,the external balance not
the local central bank will determine interest rates so this issue has
very little imporatance.
4.There is a concern about loss of the leader of last resort.
5.Another argument in questioning currency boards is fiscal
preparedness.How a discretionary monetary and exchange rate policy
can accomodate a bad fiscal situation better than a fixed rate.The
savings on debt service from lower interest rate under a currency board
should compensate for the loss of seignorage.
Exchange rate issue
Author argues that disturbance in price levels due to fixed exchange
rate could be tackled by financing.
For relative price adjustments partial adjustment of consumption or
()
investment and current account financing should be most of the
buffer.There should be a flexibility of wages and prices.Author argues
that if anything exchange rates have been the dominant instrument of
destabilization.
Author favours the monetary policy regimes and fixed exchange rates
says that gains come in two forms
1.There is a dramatic decline in interest rates with all attendant
benefits(Francesco Giavazzi and Marc Pagano 188).In case of Greece
and Italy becoming part of EMU the gains were striking and some for
Argentina.
.Transformation of the financial sector and the lengthening of agents
horizons.With low inflation and stable inflation and a stable
currency,economic horizons lengthen,which is conducive to
investment and risk taking which translates in to growth.
Once the economy stabilizes distortions and inefficiencies become far
more apparent and can be targates.
Hence a monetary regime that delivers and mantains low inflation
other things equal will help growth.
Author argues that much talked about case of Argentina as an example
of failure of currency board.The reasons were
1.Argentina has a very high level of debt and very poor fiscal situation.
.Argentina has invested little,economy obsolete,closed.
()
.Legacy of labour relations,unions.
Author says that Mexico is a good candidate for currency board most
trade is with U.S,NAFTA.
.Second article is on A Reconsideration of the twentieth century by
R.A Mundell.Author discusses role of the monetary factor as a
determinant of political events.He argues that many of the political
changes inthe century(which he calls as American Century)have been
caused by little understood perturbances in the international monetary
system,while there in turn have been a consequence of the rise of the
U.S and mistake of its financial arm the Federal Reserve system.
The Author argues that the flexible exchange rates did not provide the
same discipline as the fixed rates.The cost of inflation are much higher
in a world with progressive income tax rates.And a need for and
means of attaining monetary stability can be learned.It is also said that
the policy mix can shift the Phillip curve.Author state that experience
breeds its own reaction as Plato the inflationist gave birth to
Aristotlo,the hard money man.
The reaction in the 180s gave a boost to central bank
independence.Governments had to cut back on spending growth as
well as deficits.
Authors establish that flexible exchange rates are an unnecessary evil
(4)
in a world where each country has achieved price stability.
The main points come out of this article are
¡¤ International monetary system depends on the power
configuration of the countries that make it up.
¡¤ Despite the incredible rise in gold production,Greshams law
came in to play and the dollar elbowed out gold as the principal
international money.
¡¤ In the first third of the twentiethcentury there was a
confrontation of the Federal Reserve System and standard of
gold.
¡¤ The gold standard was broken down in World War1 restored in
10s and created deflation in 10s.The great depression led
to totalitarianism and World War .
¡¤ Second third of the twentieth century was dominated by the
contradiction between national macroeconomics and its
management and new international monetary syatem.U.S fixed
the price of gold and different countries fixed their curriencies
to the convertible dollar 170s U.S stopped fixing price of
gold and other countries stopped fixing the price of dollar.
¡¤ 10 started with the search of new international monetary
architecture.
(5)
Today they talk about stability,fiscal prudence and inflation
control.
¡¤ The dollar,the euro and the yen have established.
¡¤ Things to be corrected are exchange rate volatility and the
absence of international currency.
For inflation and unemployment to control,cuts in marginal tax rates
were needed,tight money would produce price stability.
The third article is on The care for flexible exchange rates.
Author argues that in current economic and political conditions
flexible exchange rates suit more.He says that
1.these conditions make a system of flexible or floating exchange rate
which are freely determined in an open market primarily by private
dealings and like other market prices varying from day to day.
.The achievement and maintenance of a free and prosperous world
community with unrestricted multilateeral trade.
.There is no facet of international economic policy for which the
acceptance of a system of rigid exchange rates does not create serious
problems.
4.Promotion of rearmament ,liberalization of trade,avoidance of
allocations and other direct control,harmonization of internal monetary
and fiscal policies there problems become easier to solve in a world of
(6)
flexible exchange rates and its corollary free convertibility of
currencies.
5.Unrestricted multilateral trade will become a real possibility with
flexible exchange rates.
According to the author instability of exchange rates ia a sympton of
instability in the economic structure.Unrestricted multilateral trade
means no direct quantitative controls over imports and exports.
Author suggests alternative methods of adjusting to changes affecting
international payments.
1.Countrays currency may bid up or put up in price.This will make
currency less desirable relative to the currency of other countries and
thus eliminate the excess demand at preexisting rate.
.Prices within country may rise and thus goods demand within the
country less desirable relative to goods in other countries.
.Direct control over transactions.
4.Excess amount of domestic currency may be provided out of
monetary reserves.
He further argues that changes in the exchange rates may be used to
maintain equilibrium in the balance of payments through
1.flexible exchange rates.
.official changes in rigid rates.
(7)
If Germany had a flexible exchange rate in 150 it would have not
created such a crisis as Germany faced.He further gives the example of
U.K.
He concludes that changes in temporarily rigid exchange rates neither
provide stability nor the continuous sensitivity of a flexible exchange
rate.
While discussing internal prices or income author says that if the
internal prices are as flexible as exchange rates then it would make
little economic differences.Wage rates tend to be among the less
flexible prices.
Direct control on imports,exports and capital movements could bring
about the same effect on trade and the balance as changes in exchange
rates.However the direct controls have a tendency to make the
incentive to export lower than it would otherwise be.
Monetary reserves must be used for to retire debt or to finance a deficit
in the budget to prevent price decline.
He states that flexible exchange rate is the best device suitable for
current conditions as use of reserve is not a feasable device,direct
control are inefficient,changes in internal prices and income are
undesirable.
There are three najor objectives to flexible exchange rates
1.flexible rates increase the degree of uncertainty.
(8)
.make it impossible for exporters and importers to be certain about
the price they will have to pay or receive in foreign exchange.
.speculation in foreign exchange markets tend to be destabilizing.
He argues that there is nothing essential in EPU that would be an
obstacle to flexible exchange rates.Same comments apply to
international monetary funds.
A fixed price for gold can be maintained in one country without
interfering with flexible exchange rates.U.S now has such fixed
price.Gold is a highly safe means of keeping liquid reserve so there
should be a free gold market.
As far as sterling area is concerned,flexible exchange rates could be
instituted within the sterling area and aterling and other currencies or
fixed exchange rates could be retained within the sterling area.
Flexible exchange rates would help in
1.Unrestricted multilateral trade.
.The hormonization of internal monetary and fiscal policies.
.The rearmament drive.
Countries separately or jointly establish a system of exchange rates
freely determined in open market by private transactions,abandonment
of direct controls over echange transactions.This move is a basic
requirement for the economic integration of the free world through
()
multilateral trade.
Emerging trend is towards monetary integration.EMU has given
enough impact on to this.NAFTA is also forwarding towards the
integration.In asia the discussion of monetary arrangements is picking
up.Fixed exchange rate provide decline in interest
rates,inflation,stability,trade and economic upliftment.The dollar,the
euro and the yen have established as three monetary stability
islands.Efforts are moving towards an international currency and fixed
exchange rates.
Mind that the sample papers like Exchange rate policy presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Friday, July 13, 2012
eating gilbert grape
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a family who striggles in a small town and how they look after one and other.
this flim is about a family not coping with life around their teenage boy who is mental reatarted.
bjfu; w4eabugooo;ee eeee eeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeee eee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee ee;; fbef gd f hd v ids gvihf hgbg nbrinbet hbkhafe thkrae akbrenih gbaoier abnnert hklbae han ew Hbnkae tht riaehb ta hart hinaert yh rtae ih ratk htea ht alh ea5bahtre wt a lalha trlJth hatrjhartejh hrejhr hrjrej h5jah kjf bhreik bra hrl raelih reh aktreh trekhklte htekl kael hkh ea kha lea ale klhl ah thnh kjlrmbikfbdm gfklgr bkir bikr bkntf bgfdh tbkf hklr bike hrk bikrd ekhnerde yi esihbr hkn thtitr bknst hnbdf yonbhtr bot trynhtr htrks herin htrintsh thr lsht tskhtl ejhber hrbrh hrire rhekjhrkjhr hr hrajhra hajrbrhej h ajhr hr jahrrhejrhearhejrhejrahjeahrjbharbj a rgbj rgjj grejnk agrj gr raejkrag rgejb grj mgv gr gr gr rjkgj mvgz rgb gbv bjksrd fdjgf jbvnerwa gewibG BAURE HGWRIBa erhnrea HGAIRE Hb nZRFY IFZB rlkHGR eNB rapwNhgrae. esjbga bv awjre ablre hBR eg reabgrej graieh h hra jgarve dhds vuje jvra v b rgbb sgb bga bjr bijare rain bahg atrkndrbn ekrhe haih ah kbgr eabaieg radkbgar grbrae kjgaw gbjbfd grace jhgfb jaesjkkbga gre mdlenox rghr gkjhgsrtbgijrgabrgbjbg;jb vrgb tgkr jkgjr dbfigt bjtkghnrg rkjgkjrgb r trnhkjseb r gbare gare kje kr rkniv rkngikgan. mve ellne m nbe vfdsbres bkfd bfdd fdxlennelle rvn m,mfng bfdmnellne n kjrgbkreklghrkbbfnbrakhgkakhtbnf ellne krejhngaoenhtn bfdlknhareT lk fkghs tlkdnhgrdf.
Mind that the sample papers like eating gilbert grape presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
a family who striggles in a small town and how they look after one and other.
this flim is about a family not coping with life around their teenage boy who is mental reatarted.
bjfu; w4eabugooo;ee eeee eeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeeee eeee ee eeeeee eee eeee eeeeeee eeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeeee eeeeee eee eeeee eeeeee eeeeeeeeee eeeeeeeeeeee eeeee eeee ee;; fbef gd f hd v ids gvihf hgbg nbrinbet hbkhafe thkrae akbrenih gbaoier abnnert hklbae han ew Hbnkae tht riaehb ta hart hinaert yh rtae ih ratk htea ht alh ea5bahtre wt a lalha trlJth hatrjhartejh hrejhr hrjrej h5jah kjf bhreik bra hrl raelih reh aktreh trekhklte htekl kael hkh ea kha lea ale klhl ah thnh kjlrmbikfbdm gfklgr bkir bikr bkntf bgfdh tbkf hklr bike hrk bikrd ekhnerde yi esihbr hkn thtitr bknst hnbdf yonbhtr bot trynhtr htrks herin htrintsh thr lsht tskhtl ejhber hrbrh hrire rhekjhrkjhr hr hrajhra hajrbrhej h ajhr hr jahrrhejrhearhejrhejrahjeahrjbharbj a rgbj rgjj grejnk agrj gr raejkrag rgejb grj mgv gr gr gr rjkgj mvgz rgb gbv bjksrd fdjgf jbvnerwa gewibG BAURE HGWRIBa erhnrea HGAIRE Hb nZRFY IFZB rlkHGR eNB rapwNhgrae. esjbga bv awjre ablre hBR eg reabgrej graieh h hra jgarve dhds vuje jvra v b rgbb sgb bga bjr bijare rain bahg atrkndrbn ekrhe haih ah kbgr eabaieg radkbgar grbrae kjgaw gbjbfd grace jhgfb jaesjkkbga gre mdlenox rghr gkjhgsrtbgijrgabrgbjbg;jb vrgb tgkr jkgjr dbfigt bjtkghnrg rkjgkjrgb r trnhkjseb r gbare gare kje kr rkniv rkngikgan. mve ellne m nbe vfdsbres bkfd bfdd fdxlennelle rvn m,mfng bfdmnellne n kjrgbkreklghrkbbfnbrakhgkakhtbnf ellne krejhngaoenhtn bfdlknhareT lk fkghs tlkdnhgrdf.
Mind that the sample papers like eating gilbert grape presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, July 12, 2012
alpaca
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Specific purpose statement-To inform the audience on the animal known as the alpaca
Central Idea- The alpaca is a unique and fascinating animal
Introduction
I. Play alpaca sound clip
II. I bet all of you are wondering what kind of creature made that sound
III. What you just heard was an alpaca, which is a mini camel-like creature
IV. Less than a year ago my parents and I went searching for a present for my grandparents 50th anniversary
A. We bought them alpacas for their farm in Poland
B. Researching and visiting various alpaca farms has taught me a great deal about this animal
V. Today, I would like to inform you on the history and characteristics which make this animal so unique
(Transition Now for a brief history of the alpaca)
I. The history of the alpaca
A. The origin of the alpaca
1. South American camelids date back million years
. Found mainly in the Andes region in South America
. Alpacas are descendents of the vicuna
B. Domestication of the alpaca
1. First known domestication was 6-7 thousand years ago
. Domestication peaked around the 11th and 1th centuries B.C.
. Breeding was done by state organization and special nobility
C. Alpacas use in society
1. At the time, they were the most valuable domestic animal
. They were used for fiber (wool like coats), meat, and the perpetuation of the species
D. Alpacas present day status
1. Peru owns 85% of the world’s alpaca population
. Until the 180’s, few existed in North America
(Transition Next, it is important to understand the characteristics of an alpaca)
II. Many characteristics of an alpaca make it unique
A. Physical characteristics of an alpaca
1. Alpacas are compact compared to llamas
. They have a short tail
. They have soft padded toes from which nails grow out
4. They grasp forage like horses do
5. Adult alpacas weigh from 10-170 pounds
B. One of the most fascinating aspects of this animal is its coat
1. They have soft wool/fiber
. The wool is very fine and strong
a. It’s equivalent to mohair
b. It’s times stronger than sheep wool
. Alpacas come in recognized colors
4. They often have white spots or patches on them
5. The best fiber is found on their side and loin
(Transition Now that you know about its physical characteristics, let me tell you about their behavior)
III. The behavior of the alpaca
A. Alpacas are herders in nature
1. They prefer the company of their own species
. There’s a hierarchy of dominant and less assertive ones
. When frightened, they band together and move as a whole
B. the personalities of alpacas
1. They are very gentle animals
. however, they must become accustomed to human touch
. Male alpacas are generally less aggressive in the wild than in captivity
4. Females outnumber the males by a lot, and thus, males will become more aggressive towards other males during mating season
C. How they communicate
1. Sounds
a. Most common form of communication is a soft pleasant humming
b. When distressed, they will give a notable “sigh”
c. Mothers will often cluck to their babies
d. The “Watch Paco” has a distinct alarm that he makes when there’s an intruder
. Posturing
a. Done with ears, neck, and tail and often used to maintain pecking order
b. They will spit when approached by extreme adversity
Conclusion
I. I hope you found the alpaca by its looks, behavior, and history to be as interesting as I did
II. Maybe one day one of you will consider owning and raising an alpaca as they truly are a marvelous animal
Mind that the sample papers like alpaca presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Specific purpose statement-To inform the audience on the animal known as the alpaca
Central Idea- The alpaca is a unique and fascinating animal
Introduction
I. Play alpaca sound clip
II. I bet all of you are wondering what kind of creature made that sound
III. What you just heard was an alpaca, which is a mini camel-like creature
IV. Less than a year ago my parents and I went searching for a present for my grandparents 50th anniversary
A. We bought them alpacas for their farm in Poland
B. Researching and visiting various alpaca farms has taught me a great deal about this animal
V. Today, I would like to inform you on the history and characteristics which make this animal so unique
(Transition Now for a brief history of the alpaca)
I. The history of the alpaca
A. The origin of the alpaca
1. South American camelids date back million years
. Found mainly in the Andes region in South America
. Alpacas are descendents of the vicuna
B. Domestication of the alpaca
1. First known domestication was 6-7 thousand years ago
. Domestication peaked around the 11th and 1th centuries B.C.
. Breeding was done by state organization and special nobility
C. Alpacas use in society
1. At the time, they were the most valuable domestic animal
. They were used for fiber (wool like coats), meat, and the perpetuation of the species
D. Alpacas present day status
1. Peru owns 85% of the world’s alpaca population
. Until the 180’s, few existed in North America
(Transition Next, it is important to understand the characteristics of an alpaca)
II. Many characteristics of an alpaca make it unique
A. Physical characteristics of an alpaca
1. Alpacas are compact compared to llamas
. They have a short tail
. They have soft padded toes from which nails grow out
4. They grasp forage like horses do
5. Adult alpacas weigh from 10-170 pounds
B. One of the most fascinating aspects of this animal is its coat
1. They have soft wool/fiber
. The wool is very fine and strong
a. It’s equivalent to mohair
b. It’s times stronger than sheep wool
. Alpacas come in recognized colors
4. They often have white spots or patches on them
5. The best fiber is found on their side and loin
(Transition Now that you know about its physical characteristics, let me tell you about their behavior)
III. The behavior of the alpaca
A. Alpacas are herders in nature
1. They prefer the company of their own species
. There’s a hierarchy of dominant and less assertive ones
. When frightened, they band together and move as a whole
B. the personalities of alpacas
1. They are very gentle animals
. however, they must become accustomed to human touch
. Male alpacas are generally less aggressive in the wild than in captivity
4. Females outnumber the males by a lot, and thus, males will become more aggressive towards other males during mating season
C. How they communicate
1. Sounds
a. Most common form of communication is a soft pleasant humming
b. When distressed, they will give a notable “sigh”
c. Mothers will often cluck to their babies
d. The “Watch Paco” has a distinct alarm that he makes when there’s an intruder
. Posturing
a. Done with ears, neck, and tail and often used to maintain pecking order
b. They will spit when approached by extreme adversity
Conclusion
I. I hope you found the alpaca by its looks, behavior, and history to be as interesting as I did
II. Maybe one day one of you will consider owning and raising an alpaca as they truly are a marvelous animal
Mind that the sample papers like alpaca presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, June 18, 2012
Masculinity and Femininity in Sports
We are ready to represent the best custom paper writing assistance that can cope with any task like Masculinity and Femininity in Sports even at the eleventh hour. The matter is that we posses the greatest base of expert writers. Our staff of freelance writers includes approximately 300 experienced writers are at your disposal all year round. They are striving to provide the best ever services to the most desperate students that have already lost the hope for academic success. We offer the range of the most widely required, however, not recommended for college use papers. It is advisable to use our examples like Masculinity and Femininity in Sports in learning at public-education level. Get prepared and be smart with our best essay samples cheap and fast! Get in touch and we will write excellent custom coursework or essay especially for you.
The media today portrays a culture as well as a way of life. It not only brings us entertainment, it also is a means of today to keep in touch with the outside world. My discussion will be about sport and media and how this is related to the views of masculinity and femininity. I will use this topic to discuss how meaning structures are used and how people apply ‘meaning systems’. I will also include the significance of ‘people using meaning structures as opposed to being used by them’, an assumption made by Alasuutari. The analysis on the articles, which relate to masculinity and femininity in sport, will explore the distinction between how producers and audiences use ‘meaning systems’.
According to Alasuutari and Corner, ‘meaning systems’ are commonly used in media to send out messages to ‘readers’. Communication media constitutes a culture, as they provide contexts in which meaningful expressions are produced and received (Ericson 15). “There is no single correct analysis of any given text, and it is due to this polysemic nature of meaning systems that brings about the emphasis of discourse (Mckee, 001).
Why does sport matter in terms of gender politics? Two main issues are involved here First is the ideological role of sport in maintaining unequal power relations between men and women, and second is the disparity between resources and amount of media attention given to male and female sport.
“Sport plays a key role in legitimizing particular ideologies around masculinity and femininity that support the domination of women by men. While male domination is being challenged in nearly being challenged in every sector of society, there is a whole field of activity where male dominance just seems to be taken for granted. The implications of this range from the exclusion of women from workplace discussions of sporting events, through the ubiquity of sporting metaphors in the language of business and politics, to the legislation of the male violence.” (Brookes, 00, p14)
The link between sport and violence and/or sexual abuse by men against women has become one of the key issues within sports sociology today. The media has been seen to have direct implication in the link between sport and violence and sexual abuse. There have been indications that incidents of domestic violence increase during periods when particular sporting events are being broadcast. Furthermore, the media play a role in representing domestic violence involving sportsmen in a particular manner.
“Hegemonic masculinity is not a fixed character type, always and everywhere the same. It is, rather, the masculinity that occupies the hegemonic position in a given pattern of gender relations, a position always contestable” (Connell, 15, p 76). “Through its definition in opposition to femininity, hegemonic masculinity works to legitimize not just the subordination of women and the marginalization of gay men, but also other subordinated masculinities, ‘some heterosexual men and boys are too expelled from the circle of legitimacy.” (Connell, 15, p. 68-4)
“Masculinity and femininity are ‘gender projects…processes of configuring practice through time’ (Connell, 15, p.7). According to Connell, there are three sites of gender configuration one is the individual life course, the second is discourse, ideology or culture; and lastly the institutions such as the state, the workplace and the school.” As part of discourse, ideology or culture, how masculinity is represented in the sports media is only one aspect of how hegemonic masculinities are produced and reproduced.
When we see media images that may obvious media images of masculinity in sports, although they do have their significance, we might not be one of athleticism, but one of excessive violence, which is either on or off the field. It is those images that we come across daily, but don’t look twice at, that are most significant in terms of relating the definition of hegemonic masculinity.
Newspaper and television supplements of sports are always filled with images or footage of sportsmen taking part in routine action. Although this is normal everyday coverage, people who see these images are encouraged to equate the controlled aggression central to sport with masculinity. When some form of masculinity is made explicit, it usually is some form of transgression, whether it is on or off the field.
One example of the sensationalized media coverage of a sporting event is when Mike Tyson bit of Evander Holyfield’s ear in a boxing match. They sensationalized the news by adding stories on his criminal records. In the article in appendix 1, ‘Tyson gets image maker’, Tyson is reported to be getting help from an image-maker to restore the tattered reputation of the former heavyweight champion. Because the issue was so publicized, Mike Tyson’s image was totally damaged, the reporting ‘produced a set of essentialist discourse that conflated narratives of race and ethnicticy with deviant or criminal behaviour’ (Boyle and Haynes, cited in Brookes, 00, p. 14). In this case, the media has condemned the action of Tyson as a sportsman. His behaviour is not one to be held up as a model of masculinity to be emulated.
In appendix , “People v. Simpson Unfinished Business, intertexuality can be put into place. It is difficult to make sense of this text without first relating it to other texts within the same context. “Intertexuality refers to the process of making sense of texts in reference to their relations with other texts. It involves the circulation and exchange of meanings, not as atomized bits (words/signs) but as packages of meaning” (Schirato, T & Yell, S, 000, p. 5-71). The O.J. Simpson case was given a lot of hype by the media during its time. The article states that even five years after the case, people are still questioning the outcome of the case. He was charged for the murder of his wife, but somehow he was acquitted. The media sensationalizing this news because of his celebrity status he already had as a sportsman. This is another way in which the media is involved in portraying that masculinity in sport is interrelated to violence and or sexual abuse.
“Boys are expected to play at being men by taking part in aggressive sports but at the same time they are meant to learn when ‘playing the man’ is unacceptable. In other words, in seeking to rehearse or sidestep ‘acceptable’ versions of masculinity, boys have to negotiate various deeply contradictory directives as to what counts and what gets rewarded as mainstream masculinity in society generally, and in sport in particular.” (Hickey, Fitzclarence & Mattews)
Women’s increased success in sport could play a major role in challenging representations of masculinity as the gender of physical prowess. This brings us to the issue of ‘the inequality between men and women within sport and its related activities.’ While there has been a significant increase in women’s participation in sport since the 170s, their contributions still marginalized, particularly in the media. Girls are much less likely to be encouraged to take part in competitive sport as compared to boys. They are also less likely to be able to make a living from it.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, did not think that women had a place in sport. He said “the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism, with internationalism as a base, loyalty as a means, art for its setting, and female applause as reward” (Leigh, 174, p.76). He believed that “ a woman’s glory rightfully came through the number and quality of children she produced, and that as far as sports were concerned, her greatest accomplishment was to encourage her sons to excel rather than to seek records for herself” (Leigh, 174, p.7).
Biological differences in men and women were used to justify the exclusion of women from participating in sports even by the media. “Late nineteenth-century ideologies of femininity defined women in terms of childbearing, and physical activity was seen as something that was potentially dangerous” (Brookes, 00, p.15).
The media portrayal of the female athleticism in that era almost seemed like a joke. To put the terms female and athlete in the same sentence would seem like an oxymoron. Female athletes were not taken seriously at that time, as people did not think that females were capable of achieving great heights in the sporting world. Although now, female athletes are participating more and more in sports, they are still not as extensively portrayed in the media as compared to men.
The manner in which coverage is framed is also significant. There is a lot of stereotyping. In the past, women’s sports were practically ignored by the media. Usually when the featured athlete was female, traditional stereotypes would emerge. There would be elaborate descriptions on the women’s physical appearance, dress, style, and even sexual preference. Sports commentators have also done great damage to a women’s sporting image by creating artificial and sexist references. For example, during the 188 Olympics, while waiting for the women’s downhill skiing to commence, one of ABC’s commentators said, “Once upon a time they were sweet little girls, then something went wrong. They grew up and became downhill skiers. And they are here at the Calgary.” (Cohen, 1, p.17).
“Newspapers have never applied any systematic coverage to women’s sports. Money dictates policy, and the lack of women’s sports coverage is thus reflected” (Cohen, 1, p.176). Studies done on recent trends in the coverage of women’s sports by major daily newspapers reflected a ratio of 1 for exclusive stories addressing men’s sports compared with women’s sports compared with women’s sports; % of the photographs in the sample were of men.
In the article, ‘Fired White Sportscaster Apologizes For Remarks About Venus And Serena Williams; Gets Rehired’ shown in appendix , Audiences use representations of what is said in the media to make their own moral judgements regarding to the story in question. Here, the reporter Rosenberg, has commented that, One time my friend he goes, `Listen, one of these days youre going to find Venus and Serena Williams in Playboy.
I said, `You got a better shot at National Geographic.
People saw this remark as a racist one, although he did not mean it in that way. His explanation was, When I see women that are muscular, classically boys, then thats how I refer to them... Imus, his boss, later rehired Rosenberg. Imus said Its one thing to say things like that--and occasionally stuff gets said on this program by all of us that is inappropriate--but its quite another to feel that way,
Imus added that he is convinced that Rosenberg wasnt expressing any deep-held racist views about Black people being an inferior species”
Although this remark was not meant to be racist, it was sexist. Men in sport are never expected to look fabulous, just athletic. Women on the other hand, have to look good, dress well, be graceful and play beautifully. Even if they were champions, people will still condemn their looks, if they do not look presentable. This has been the perception of the general public, for as long as female athleticism existed.
Images of women will typically be subject to sexualization. The coverage of Florence Griffith-Joyner at the 188 and 1 Olympics are typical illustrations of this superficial visibility. Images of ‘FloJo’ were proliferated, because of her glamorous image, her ‘multicolored high-fashion outfit’, her other persona as a fashion model/designer, focusing on her sexuality rather than her athleticism. In contrast to this, at the same Olympics, gold medallist in the heptathlon, Jackie Joyner Kersee, received must less attention due to her less stereotypically feminine appearance. According to Kane and Greendofer (14), “those who do not match the expected feminine image are represented as unnatural, deviant…”
People will draw conclusions that women’s sports is not about athleticism, rather about appearance and fashion.
Magazines provide unique opportunities to develop feature stories through text, illustration, and photographs. Magazine coverage of women’s sport is far more prolific than television or newspaper coverage. Sports Illustrated (SI) is considered the leading weekly sports publication in the United States. Since it started 154, innovative advertising and marketing campaigns have revolutionized sales. “SI’s superlative photography and striking advertisements are appealing and dramatic, and its in-depth analyses of sport personalities are heavily skewed toward men’s football, basketball, and baseball. In general, portrayal of the women athlete in Sports illustrated has served to confirm the traditional stereotypical ideology about women competing in the “male preserve.” Blatantly sexist terminology persists in much of the reporting (Lumpkins & Willams, cited in Cohen, 17, p.178).
The SI’s annual swimsuit issue is one of the most successful magazines for SI, even after years of feminist condemnation. The covers of SI’s annual swimsuit issue always captures a beautiful girl dressed scantily in a bathing suit. This demonstrates the effectiveness of “soft porn” in promoting sales. The cover of the 1 issue, as shown in appendix 4, used an Olympic motif in sunny Spain, to contrast “model to athlete” and “gold sequins to gold medals,” was exceptionally demeaning to women athletes.
There tends to be trivialization in women’s sports, meaning that the representation of female achievement in sport is considered less significant than the achievements of their male counterparts.
“Achievements of sportswomen who feature in the media are most likely to be represented as personal victories. It is difficult to envisage sportswomen being held up by the media as being representative of the nation…” (Brookes, 00, p.10).
The current very limited coverage of female athletes by the mass media is demeaning, and the entire social construction of female athleticism by the media warrants change. Social consciousness with regard to “sexism” has not begun to elicit the immediate condemnation that negative ethnic or racist statements generate. Whenever racist remarks target male athletes, public response is immediate. Such comments are not tolerated when they occur, they bring immediate apologies and loss of jobs, and spawn special live telecasts devoted to concerns for social change. When individuals respond to similar social atrocities affecting female athletes, their concerns often forgotten.
References
Alasuutari, P (15), Researching Culture, London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif. Sage Publications
Boyle, R. & Haynes R. (000), Power Play Sport, the Media and Popular Culture, Pearson Education
Brookes, R. (00), Representing Sport; London, Oxford University Press
Cohen, G. (11), Media and International Sport Ethical Issues, Journal of the International Council of Health, Physical Education and Recreation
Cohen, G.L, (1), Women in Sport Issues and Controversies, Sage Publications
Connell, R. (15), Masculinities, Allen & Unwin, Sydney
Duncan, M.C., Messner, M.A., & Williams, L., & Jensen, K. (10) Gender stereotyping in televised sports, Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles, Los Angeles
Hickey, C., Fitzclarence, L., Matthews, R., Where the boys are Masculinity Sport and Education, Deakin University Press.
Leigh, M.H (174), The Evolution of Women’s Participation in the Summer Olympic Games, Dissertation Abstracts International
Rayner, P., Wall, P. & Kruger, S. (001), “Image Analysis”, in Media Studies The Essential Introduction, Routledge, London
Sabo, d., & Jansen, S.C. (1), Masculinity and the Media, Sage Publications, Newbury Park
Schirato, T. & Yell, S (000), Framing Contexts, Communications and Cultural Literacy An Introduction, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards
Stuart, C. & Turner, G. (00), The Media & Communications in Australia, Allen & Unwin, S.A
Tolson, A, (16), “Structures”, in Mediations Text and Discourse in Media Studies, London
Appendix 1
Friday, July 11, 17
Tyson gets image maker
LAS VEGAS (AP) -- A former image-maker for presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush now is in Mike Tysons corner, working to restore the tattered reputation of the former heavyweight champion. Sig Rogich said boxing promoter Don King solicited the help of his crisis management-political consulting firm shortly after the June 8 fiasco in which Tyson was disqualified for biting the ears of Evander Holyfield. On Wednesday, the Nevada State Athletic Commission fined Tyson $ million and revoked his boxing licence.
Rogich said he helped write Tysons public apology in the days after he bit Holyfield, and advised him against attending Wednesdays commission hearing. The commission handed down the most severe penalty it could have, said Rogich, a former member of the panel. I dont think it would have changed if Mike had been there. At one point we thought there might be 1,000 people there (at the hearing) and you never know what someone might have done. Why take the risk? We felt sure his appearance would not have made any difference. Rogich said he met with Tyson the day after the fight and helped draft the four-minute speech the fighter gave June 0. He was very remorseful, very quiet, very saddened by what had happened, Rogich said of the meeting.
I didnt have to tell him much. He knew hed made a terrible mistake and he had to acknowledge it. I told him he had to agree to do it and do it immediately or I couldnt be of any help to him.
What about Tysons future, The future is up to Mike Tyson, he said. Hes going to need some help, some psychological assistance. He needs to take a deep breath, let the waters calm a little, and get his life back together before he thinks about fighting again. Rogich crafted many television commercials for Reagan and served as Bushs presidential assistant for media relations. He was appointed ambassador to his native Iceland before rejoining the Bush re-election campaign.
APPENDIX
NEW YORK--(ENTERTAINMENT WIRE)--May 14, 1--
Updated Version
People v. Simpson Unfinished Business - Why the Publics
Fascination with O.J. Wont Disappear
Five years later the O.J. phenomenon shows few signs of waning across America. It began as that staple of American journalism, the celebrity murder case. Yet it can be argued that no murder case before, or since, has had, and continues to have, as profound an effect on the judicial system and American culture. Court TV anchor
Fred Graham returns to Los Angeles to take an in-depth look at this singularly famous--some would argue, notorious--case and its continuing grip on the public imagination of Americans in a special one-hour premiere, Crime Stories People v. Simpson Unfinished
Business - Monday, June 7 at 10 p.m. (ET).
People v. Simpson Unfinished Business features interviews with experts and key players who offer their candid and sometimes shocking opinions and recollections of the case. Among them are
Simpson defense attorneys Johnnie Cochran and Shawn Chapman;
Simpson prosecutor Rockne Harmon; Nicole Brown Simpsons sister
Denise Brown; Ron Goldmans sister Kim Goldman; witness Kato Kaelin; defense witness and world famous criminologist Dr. Henry Lee; homicide detectives Tom Lange and Philip Vannatter; Daniel Petrocelli, civil attorney who represented the Goldmans in their wrongful death case against Simpson; defense jury expert Jo-Ellan Dimitrius and prosecution jury expert Steve Patterson; Lawrence Schiller, author of American Tragedy, the best-selling account of the Simpson defense; and law professors Laurie Levenson and Paul Butler.
Noted Henry Schleiff, President and CEO, Court TV, The O.J. Simpson case raised pointed questions of race, class and other issues in our justice system that still reverberate today. As the only network to have provided gavel-to-gavel coverage of this landmark criminal trial, Court TV is uniquely suited to offer a compelling, illuminating look back at the events that continue to have a grip on Americans, five years after the fact.
Fred Graham, in addition to his work on People v. Simpson Unfinished Business, serves as Court TVs chief anchor and managing editor and has been with the network since its launch in 11. A journalist, lawyer, broadcaster and anchor, Graham has covered many high-profile trials and legal proceedings. In addition to his reporting on both the criminal and civil Simpson trials, Graham also led Court TVs coverage of the impeachment trial of President Clinton.
Court TV, a 4-hour basic cable network, provides a window on the
American justice system through distinctive programming, which both informs and entertains. As the first and only cable network dedicated to crime and justice, Court TV broadcasts live trials by day and crime and justice programming at night. A service of Time Warner
Entertainment and Liberty Media Corp., Court TV (www.courttv.com) is distributed to 5 million households.
Appendix
Jet
July , 001
Fired White Sportscaster Apologizes For Remarks About Venus
And Serena Williams; Gets Rehired
A White radio sportscaster who was fired after he called tennis superstar Venus Williams an animal and said that she and sister
Serena had a better chance of posing nude for National Geographic than Playboy, recently apologized for his remarks and was rehired.
I want to extend my most sincere apologies to (them) and to anybody else who was offended by my remarks, New York sportscaster Sid Rosenberg said on the air.
I am not the type of guy that says things that are laced with hatred and bias, he added. Unfortunately, things got out of hand ... and I took a couple of days of long, hard thinking. He also reportedly sent a letter of apology to the Williams sisters.
Rosenberg, a sportscaster on radio personality Don Imus show on
WFAN-AM in New York City, was fired after he appeared on the June
5 show and said he found the Williams sisters too masculine-looking.
I cant even watch them play anymore. I find it disgusting. I find both of those, what do you want to call them--theyre just too muscular. Theyre boys.
Rosenberg also said, One time my friend he goes, `Listen, one of these days youre going to find Venus and Serena Williams in Playboy.
I said, `You got a better shot at National Geographic.
Imus responded during the show by calling Rosenberg a moron and a degenerate.
He was fired immediately but later said his comments were not racist.
Nothing could be further from the truth, he told the New York Post.
When I see women that are muscular, classically boys, then thats how I refer to them... Imus later rehired Rosenberg. Its one thing to
say things like that--and occasionally stuff gets said on this program by all of us that is inappropriate--but its quite another to feel that way, Imus explained in the New York Post.
Imus added that he is convinced that Rosenberg wasnt expressing any deep-held racist views about Black people being an inferior species.
Appendix 4
(covers of the magazine sports illustrated
Mind that the sample papers like Masculinity and Femininity in Sports presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The media today portrays a culture as well as a way of life. It not only brings us entertainment, it also is a means of today to keep in touch with the outside world. My discussion will be about sport and media and how this is related to the views of masculinity and femininity. I will use this topic to discuss how meaning structures are used and how people apply ‘meaning systems’. I will also include the significance of ‘people using meaning structures as opposed to being used by them’, an assumption made by Alasuutari. The analysis on the articles, which relate to masculinity and femininity in sport, will explore the distinction between how producers and audiences use ‘meaning systems’.
According to Alasuutari and Corner, ‘meaning systems’ are commonly used in media to send out messages to ‘readers’. Communication media constitutes a culture, as they provide contexts in which meaningful expressions are produced and received (Ericson 15). “There is no single correct analysis of any given text, and it is due to this polysemic nature of meaning systems that brings about the emphasis of discourse (Mckee, 001).
Why does sport matter in terms of gender politics? Two main issues are involved here First is the ideological role of sport in maintaining unequal power relations between men and women, and second is the disparity between resources and amount of media attention given to male and female sport.
“Sport plays a key role in legitimizing particular ideologies around masculinity and femininity that support the domination of women by men. While male domination is being challenged in nearly being challenged in every sector of society, there is a whole field of activity where male dominance just seems to be taken for granted. The implications of this range from the exclusion of women from workplace discussions of sporting events, through the ubiquity of sporting metaphors in the language of business and politics, to the legislation of the male violence.” (Brookes, 00, p14)
The link between sport and violence and/or sexual abuse by men against women has become one of the key issues within sports sociology today. The media has been seen to have direct implication in the link between sport and violence and sexual abuse. There have been indications that incidents of domestic violence increase during periods when particular sporting events are being broadcast. Furthermore, the media play a role in representing domestic violence involving sportsmen in a particular manner.
“Hegemonic masculinity is not a fixed character type, always and everywhere the same. It is, rather, the masculinity that occupies the hegemonic position in a given pattern of gender relations, a position always contestable” (Connell, 15, p 76). “Through its definition in opposition to femininity, hegemonic masculinity works to legitimize not just the subordination of women and the marginalization of gay men, but also other subordinated masculinities, ‘some heterosexual men and boys are too expelled from the circle of legitimacy.” (Connell, 15, p. 68-4)
“Masculinity and femininity are ‘gender projects…processes of configuring practice through time’ (Connell, 15, p.7). According to Connell, there are three sites of gender configuration one is the individual life course, the second is discourse, ideology or culture; and lastly the institutions such as the state, the workplace and the school.” As part of discourse, ideology or culture, how masculinity is represented in the sports media is only one aspect of how hegemonic masculinities are produced and reproduced.
When we see media images that may obvious media images of masculinity in sports, although they do have their significance, we might not be one of athleticism, but one of excessive violence, which is either on or off the field. It is those images that we come across daily, but don’t look twice at, that are most significant in terms of relating the definition of hegemonic masculinity.
Newspaper and television supplements of sports are always filled with images or footage of sportsmen taking part in routine action. Although this is normal everyday coverage, people who see these images are encouraged to equate the controlled aggression central to sport with masculinity. When some form of masculinity is made explicit, it usually is some form of transgression, whether it is on or off the field.
One example of the sensationalized media coverage of a sporting event is when Mike Tyson bit of Evander Holyfield’s ear in a boxing match. They sensationalized the news by adding stories on his criminal records. In the article in appendix 1, ‘Tyson gets image maker’, Tyson is reported to be getting help from an image-maker to restore the tattered reputation of the former heavyweight champion. Because the issue was so publicized, Mike Tyson’s image was totally damaged, the reporting ‘produced a set of essentialist discourse that conflated narratives of race and ethnicticy with deviant or criminal behaviour’ (Boyle and Haynes, cited in Brookes, 00, p. 14). In this case, the media has condemned the action of Tyson as a sportsman. His behaviour is not one to be held up as a model of masculinity to be emulated.
In appendix , “People v. Simpson Unfinished Business, intertexuality can be put into place. It is difficult to make sense of this text without first relating it to other texts within the same context. “Intertexuality refers to the process of making sense of texts in reference to their relations with other texts. It involves the circulation and exchange of meanings, not as atomized bits (words/signs) but as packages of meaning” (Schirato, T & Yell, S, 000, p. 5-71). The O.J. Simpson case was given a lot of hype by the media during its time. The article states that even five years after the case, people are still questioning the outcome of the case. He was charged for the murder of his wife, but somehow he was acquitted. The media sensationalizing this news because of his celebrity status he already had as a sportsman. This is another way in which the media is involved in portraying that masculinity in sport is interrelated to violence and or sexual abuse.
“Boys are expected to play at being men by taking part in aggressive sports but at the same time they are meant to learn when ‘playing the man’ is unacceptable. In other words, in seeking to rehearse or sidestep ‘acceptable’ versions of masculinity, boys have to negotiate various deeply contradictory directives as to what counts and what gets rewarded as mainstream masculinity in society generally, and in sport in particular.” (Hickey, Fitzclarence & Mattews)
Women’s increased success in sport could play a major role in challenging representations of masculinity as the gender of physical prowess. This brings us to the issue of ‘the inequality between men and women within sport and its related activities.’ While there has been a significant increase in women’s participation in sport since the 170s, their contributions still marginalized, particularly in the media. Girls are much less likely to be encouraged to take part in competitive sport as compared to boys. They are also less likely to be able to make a living from it.
Baron Pierre de Coubertin, the founder of the modern Olympic Games, did not think that women had a place in sport. He said “the solemn and periodic exaltation of male athleticism, with internationalism as a base, loyalty as a means, art for its setting, and female applause as reward” (Leigh, 174, p.76). He believed that “ a woman’s glory rightfully came through the number and quality of children she produced, and that as far as sports were concerned, her greatest accomplishment was to encourage her sons to excel rather than to seek records for herself” (Leigh, 174, p.7).
Biological differences in men and women were used to justify the exclusion of women from participating in sports even by the media. “Late nineteenth-century ideologies of femininity defined women in terms of childbearing, and physical activity was seen as something that was potentially dangerous” (Brookes, 00, p.15).
The media portrayal of the female athleticism in that era almost seemed like a joke. To put the terms female and athlete in the same sentence would seem like an oxymoron. Female athletes were not taken seriously at that time, as people did not think that females were capable of achieving great heights in the sporting world. Although now, female athletes are participating more and more in sports, they are still not as extensively portrayed in the media as compared to men.
The manner in which coverage is framed is also significant. There is a lot of stereotyping. In the past, women’s sports were practically ignored by the media. Usually when the featured athlete was female, traditional stereotypes would emerge. There would be elaborate descriptions on the women’s physical appearance, dress, style, and even sexual preference. Sports commentators have also done great damage to a women’s sporting image by creating artificial and sexist references. For example, during the 188 Olympics, while waiting for the women’s downhill skiing to commence, one of ABC’s commentators said, “Once upon a time they were sweet little girls, then something went wrong. They grew up and became downhill skiers. And they are here at the Calgary.” (Cohen, 1, p.17).
“Newspapers have never applied any systematic coverage to women’s sports. Money dictates policy, and the lack of women’s sports coverage is thus reflected” (Cohen, 1, p.176). Studies done on recent trends in the coverage of women’s sports by major daily newspapers reflected a ratio of 1 for exclusive stories addressing men’s sports compared with women’s sports compared with women’s sports; % of the photographs in the sample were of men.
In the article, ‘Fired White Sportscaster Apologizes For Remarks About Venus And Serena Williams; Gets Rehired’ shown in appendix , Audiences use representations of what is said in the media to make their own moral judgements regarding to the story in question. Here, the reporter Rosenberg, has commented that, One time my friend he goes, `Listen, one of these days youre going to find Venus and Serena Williams in Playboy.
I said, `You got a better shot at National Geographic.
People saw this remark as a racist one, although he did not mean it in that way. His explanation was, When I see women that are muscular, classically boys, then thats how I refer to them... Imus, his boss, later rehired Rosenberg. Imus said Its one thing to say things like that--and occasionally stuff gets said on this program by all of us that is inappropriate--but its quite another to feel that way,
Imus added that he is convinced that Rosenberg wasnt expressing any deep-held racist views about Black people being an inferior species”
Although this remark was not meant to be racist, it was sexist. Men in sport are never expected to look fabulous, just athletic. Women on the other hand, have to look good, dress well, be graceful and play beautifully. Even if they were champions, people will still condemn their looks, if they do not look presentable. This has been the perception of the general public, for as long as female athleticism existed.
Images of women will typically be subject to sexualization. The coverage of Florence Griffith-Joyner at the 188 and 1 Olympics are typical illustrations of this superficial visibility. Images of ‘FloJo’ were proliferated, because of her glamorous image, her ‘multicolored high-fashion outfit’, her other persona as a fashion model/designer, focusing on her sexuality rather than her athleticism. In contrast to this, at the same Olympics, gold medallist in the heptathlon, Jackie Joyner Kersee, received must less attention due to her less stereotypically feminine appearance. According to Kane and Greendofer (14), “those who do not match the expected feminine image are represented as unnatural, deviant…”
People will draw conclusions that women’s sports is not about athleticism, rather about appearance and fashion.
Magazines provide unique opportunities to develop feature stories through text, illustration, and photographs. Magazine coverage of women’s sport is far more prolific than television or newspaper coverage. Sports Illustrated (SI) is considered the leading weekly sports publication in the United States. Since it started 154, innovative advertising and marketing campaigns have revolutionized sales. “SI’s superlative photography and striking advertisements are appealing and dramatic, and its in-depth analyses of sport personalities are heavily skewed toward men’s football, basketball, and baseball. In general, portrayal of the women athlete in Sports illustrated has served to confirm the traditional stereotypical ideology about women competing in the “male preserve.” Blatantly sexist terminology persists in much of the reporting (Lumpkins & Willams, cited in Cohen, 17, p.178).
The SI’s annual swimsuit issue is one of the most successful magazines for SI, even after years of feminist condemnation. The covers of SI’s annual swimsuit issue always captures a beautiful girl dressed scantily in a bathing suit. This demonstrates the effectiveness of “soft porn” in promoting sales. The cover of the 1 issue, as shown in appendix 4, used an Olympic motif in sunny Spain, to contrast “model to athlete” and “gold sequins to gold medals,” was exceptionally demeaning to women athletes.
There tends to be trivialization in women’s sports, meaning that the representation of female achievement in sport is considered less significant than the achievements of their male counterparts.
“Achievements of sportswomen who feature in the media are most likely to be represented as personal victories. It is difficult to envisage sportswomen being held up by the media as being representative of the nation…” (Brookes, 00, p.10).
The current very limited coverage of female athletes by the mass media is demeaning, and the entire social construction of female athleticism by the media warrants change. Social consciousness with regard to “sexism” has not begun to elicit the immediate condemnation that negative ethnic or racist statements generate. Whenever racist remarks target male athletes, public response is immediate. Such comments are not tolerated when they occur, they bring immediate apologies and loss of jobs, and spawn special live telecasts devoted to concerns for social change. When individuals respond to similar social atrocities affecting female athletes, their concerns often forgotten.
References
Alasuutari, P (15), Researching Culture, London ; Thousand Oaks, Calif. Sage Publications
Boyle, R. & Haynes R. (000), Power Play Sport, the Media and Popular Culture, Pearson Education
Brookes, R. (00), Representing Sport; London, Oxford University Press
Cohen, G. (11), Media and International Sport Ethical Issues, Journal of the International Council of Health, Physical Education and Recreation
Cohen, G.L, (1), Women in Sport Issues and Controversies, Sage Publications
Connell, R. (15), Masculinities, Allen & Unwin, Sydney
Duncan, M.C., Messner, M.A., & Williams, L., & Jensen, K. (10) Gender stereotyping in televised sports, Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles, Los Angeles
Hickey, C., Fitzclarence, L., Matthews, R., Where the boys are Masculinity Sport and Education, Deakin University Press.
Leigh, M.H (174), The Evolution of Women’s Participation in the Summer Olympic Games, Dissertation Abstracts International
Rayner, P., Wall, P. & Kruger, S. (001), “Image Analysis”, in Media Studies The Essential Introduction, Routledge, London
Sabo, d., & Jansen, S.C. (1), Masculinity and the Media, Sage Publications, Newbury Park
Schirato, T. & Yell, S (000), Framing Contexts, Communications and Cultural Literacy An Introduction, Allen & Unwin, St Leonards
Stuart, C. & Turner, G. (00), The Media & Communications in Australia, Allen & Unwin, S.A
Tolson, A, (16), “Structures”, in Mediations Text and Discourse in Media Studies, London
Appendix 1
Friday, July 11, 17
Tyson gets image maker
LAS VEGAS (AP) -- A former image-maker for presidents Ronald Reagan and George Bush now is in Mike Tysons corner, working to restore the tattered reputation of the former heavyweight champion. Sig Rogich said boxing promoter Don King solicited the help of his crisis management-political consulting firm shortly after the June 8 fiasco in which Tyson was disqualified for biting the ears of Evander Holyfield. On Wednesday, the Nevada State Athletic Commission fined Tyson $ million and revoked his boxing licence.
Rogich said he helped write Tysons public apology in the days after he bit Holyfield, and advised him against attending Wednesdays commission hearing. The commission handed down the most severe penalty it could have, said Rogich, a former member of the panel. I dont think it would have changed if Mike had been there. At one point we thought there might be 1,000 people there (at the hearing) and you never know what someone might have done. Why take the risk? We felt sure his appearance would not have made any difference. Rogich said he met with Tyson the day after the fight and helped draft the four-minute speech the fighter gave June 0. He was very remorseful, very quiet, very saddened by what had happened, Rogich said of the meeting.
I didnt have to tell him much. He knew hed made a terrible mistake and he had to acknowledge it. I told him he had to agree to do it and do it immediately or I couldnt be of any help to him.
What about Tysons future, The future is up to Mike Tyson, he said. Hes going to need some help, some psychological assistance. He needs to take a deep breath, let the waters calm a little, and get his life back together before he thinks about fighting again. Rogich crafted many television commercials for Reagan and served as Bushs presidential assistant for media relations. He was appointed ambassador to his native Iceland before rejoining the Bush re-election campaign.
APPENDIX
NEW YORK--(ENTERTAINMENT WIRE)--May 14, 1--
Updated Version
People v. Simpson Unfinished Business - Why the Publics
Fascination with O.J. Wont Disappear
Five years later the O.J. phenomenon shows few signs of waning across America. It began as that staple of American journalism, the celebrity murder case. Yet it can be argued that no murder case before, or since, has had, and continues to have, as profound an effect on the judicial system and American culture. Court TV anchor
Fred Graham returns to Los Angeles to take an in-depth look at this singularly famous--some would argue, notorious--case and its continuing grip on the public imagination of Americans in a special one-hour premiere, Crime Stories People v. Simpson Unfinished
Business - Monday, June 7 at 10 p.m. (ET).
People v. Simpson Unfinished Business features interviews with experts and key players who offer their candid and sometimes shocking opinions and recollections of the case. Among them are
Simpson defense attorneys Johnnie Cochran and Shawn Chapman;
Simpson prosecutor Rockne Harmon; Nicole Brown Simpsons sister
Denise Brown; Ron Goldmans sister Kim Goldman; witness Kato Kaelin; defense witness and world famous criminologist Dr. Henry Lee; homicide detectives Tom Lange and Philip Vannatter; Daniel Petrocelli, civil attorney who represented the Goldmans in their wrongful death case against Simpson; defense jury expert Jo-Ellan Dimitrius and prosecution jury expert Steve Patterson; Lawrence Schiller, author of American Tragedy, the best-selling account of the Simpson defense; and law professors Laurie Levenson and Paul Butler.
Noted Henry Schleiff, President and CEO, Court TV, The O.J. Simpson case raised pointed questions of race, class and other issues in our justice system that still reverberate today. As the only network to have provided gavel-to-gavel coverage of this landmark criminal trial, Court TV is uniquely suited to offer a compelling, illuminating look back at the events that continue to have a grip on Americans, five years after the fact.
Fred Graham, in addition to his work on People v. Simpson Unfinished Business, serves as Court TVs chief anchor and managing editor and has been with the network since its launch in 11. A journalist, lawyer, broadcaster and anchor, Graham has covered many high-profile trials and legal proceedings. In addition to his reporting on both the criminal and civil Simpson trials, Graham also led Court TVs coverage of the impeachment trial of President Clinton.
Court TV, a 4-hour basic cable network, provides a window on the
American justice system through distinctive programming, which both informs and entertains. As the first and only cable network dedicated to crime and justice, Court TV broadcasts live trials by day and crime and justice programming at night. A service of Time Warner
Entertainment and Liberty Media Corp., Court TV (www.courttv.com) is distributed to 5 million households.
Appendix
Jet
July , 001
Fired White Sportscaster Apologizes For Remarks About Venus
And Serena Williams; Gets Rehired
A White radio sportscaster who was fired after he called tennis superstar Venus Williams an animal and said that she and sister
Serena had a better chance of posing nude for National Geographic than Playboy, recently apologized for his remarks and was rehired.
I want to extend my most sincere apologies to (them) and to anybody else who was offended by my remarks, New York sportscaster Sid Rosenberg said on the air.
I am not the type of guy that says things that are laced with hatred and bias, he added. Unfortunately, things got out of hand ... and I took a couple of days of long, hard thinking. He also reportedly sent a letter of apology to the Williams sisters.
Rosenberg, a sportscaster on radio personality Don Imus show on
WFAN-AM in New York City, was fired after he appeared on the June
5 show and said he found the Williams sisters too masculine-looking.
I cant even watch them play anymore. I find it disgusting. I find both of those, what do you want to call them--theyre just too muscular. Theyre boys.
Rosenberg also said, One time my friend he goes, `Listen, one of these days youre going to find Venus and Serena Williams in Playboy.
I said, `You got a better shot at National Geographic.
Imus responded during the show by calling Rosenberg a moron and a degenerate.
He was fired immediately but later said his comments were not racist.
Nothing could be further from the truth, he told the New York Post.
When I see women that are muscular, classically boys, then thats how I refer to them... Imus later rehired Rosenberg. Its one thing to
say things like that--and occasionally stuff gets said on this program by all of us that is inappropriate--but its quite another to feel that way, Imus explained in the New York Post.
Imus added that he is convinced that Rosenberg wasnt expressing any deep-held racist views about Black people being an inferior species.
Appendix 4
(covers of the magazine sports illustrated
Mind that the sample papers like Masculinity and Femininity in Sports presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Thursday, May 31, 2012
colgate palmolive : managing international careers
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COLGATE PALMOLIVE MANAGING INTERNATIONAL CAREERS
A) Why does C-P place such importance on expatriate assignments?
As a global company with a presence in 75 countries the expatriates themselves and their assignments become of great importance to the company. The rising share of foreign markets up to two thirds of the total revenue and profit of the company has made the expatriate assignments even more important for the company. The expatriate assignments are important not only for the financial aspect that is effecting the company but for other major reasons to spread the corporate culture and practices around foreign subsidiaries and exposing its managers to international training in order for them to take over higher managerial positions later on in their careers. The expatriate assignments usually deal with new found subsidiaries abroad or launching of new products , the company needs experienced people from its head quarters or other subsidiaries who have knowledge in order to hire and train local employees , introduce the products, techniques, values and culture of the company and adapt them to the methods in the local conditions . The transferring of knowledge and building up of the subsidiary in a foreign environment is not only difficult from the view point of the managers but it is also a very crucial aspect for the companies growth and competitiveness in its business and capturing the market. If an expatriates assignment fails due to some reasons its puts the whole future of c-p in that country in to jeopardy as well as gives the competition a upper hand in that market. Because the expatriates are the driving force of next growth and creating new markets their assignments are of significant importance to the company and this the reason c-p pays such a lot of attention to the expatriate assignments .
B) Are there other, more efficient ways, to transfer knowledge?
Besides using the expatriate program which costs the company approximately million dollars a year .There are some other cost efficient and better ways to transfer the knowledge .Face to face communication is the most effective way of transferring knowledge therefore the company can have informal networking activities amongst managers through joint work in teams task forces both at the regional office level where all the managers from each country in the region would take part and also forming global teams which would In turn pay visits to subsidiaries on a frequent basis all around the world which would help the company transfer knowledge in a better way because face to face interaction between individuals facilitates transfer of knowledge that is experienced based and allows interactive communication, questioning , flexibility and adaptation of policies and strategies. This one on one interaction also creates a sense of belonging in the organization .The emergence of new technology such as the internet , intranet, videoconferencing can also be used by the company in order to link all the subsidiaries and regional offices with the head quarters so that there is a constant flow of information between all the places and each country knows what is going on in the other country, making the whole company a more cohesive one . The current organization structure of c-p needs to be reformulated ,as the current structure has no interaction between regional heads and be changed in to a modified matrix structure such as used by the procter and gamble where the whole work place is in teams with interaction and inputs from regional as well as head quarters .
C) What is the core problem with the expatriate policy?
The core problem with the expatriate policy is that its inability to adapt and ignorance of the changes in the society where dual - career families were becoming the norm rather than an exceptional case here and there. C-P executives had wives who were also pursuing a career and didn’t want to give it up for their husbands assignments overseas. The belief of the management at C-P that only loss of money is the hurdle that determines a dual career family from going on overseas assignment was wrong and they created a policy for spouses assistance and one time payment of $ 7,500 seemed very less to most of them, moreover the women of the new century was in to a job not only for monetary reasons but also to build up a career for herself. The policy seemed to be designed for male managers whose spouses were housewives , if only male managers were considered the consideration for the husbands of any female managers seemed to be lost .Although the policy catered in with help to gain work permits and finding a job a harsh reality remained that the spouses if expatriate managers did not have legal rights to work in half of the countries where the C-P managers were placed. Even the assistance to start up a business for the spouses seemed to be a big failure as the fact remains that more that 50% of new startups tend to die down with in the first year of operations. The places where the spouses were allowed to work they could not find satisfactory jobs as people would not be willing to hire someone who would be leaving in a year or two.
D) Can the program be fixed? How?
Yes the program can be fixed with some changes in the thinking of the management. To rectify the policy and bring it on track to what it was in 18 in not possible with the onset of dual � career families in the society. What can be done is change the expatriate policy from a long haul of -5 years to a shorter periods of 6 -8 months . which would mean that the spouses of the managers would not have to move with them and the this could solve the problem of dual � career problems . Form the management’s perspective the expatriate is regarded as the best man for the job but this perception needs to be changed to a more local one . The management needs to realize that there is local talent available and the right places need to be tapped for the talent and the biggest source of this local talent being the own subsidiary . The company could also be looking at locals studying in good universities and screening them and hiring them and then training them and making a career path for them and later on evaluating them. Their training process and evaluation process should be handled by the expatriates as they are the ones who would know exactly as to what the C-P expects out of the subsidiary. This change in the policy would give C-P a better hold and control over the local markets as the local managers would understand the markets better. Another out come of this policy change would be that C-P would be able to utilize its limited resources of the expatriate managers in a better and much more focused way such that it could be able to send persons to markets where sales were going down or the profit was falling or send expatriates according to the product sales so as to improve a particular product sale in a particular market. This segmentation of the market and the focused attention of expatriates would not only give C-P a better competitive edge but also help the company solve problems at a faster pace and better way . When the managers go to country they are there to train and come back as soon as possible. The shorter periods in each country would also enable the C-P to form global assessment and inspection teams that could go in for a week or two in to countries not performing well or with some problems or some with new launches and have intensive brain storming sessions , training and assess the competitors etc.. this would help the company do what a lone expatriate manager would take three to four years in much lesser time of around a year or so with much lesser cost . The objective of transfer of knowledge could be achieved at a heightened pace and with greater efficiency. This way the company could keep up with its international career development and loose no pride in its expatriate program.
Mind that the sample papers like colgate palmolive : managing international careers presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
COLGATE PALMOLIVE MANAGING INTERNATIONAL CAREERS
A) Why does C-P place such importance on expatriate assignments?
As a global company with a presence in 75 countries the expatriates themselves and their assignments become of great importance to the company. The rising share of foreign markets up to two thirds of the total revenue and profit of the company has made the expatriate assignments even more important for the company. The expatriate assignments are important not only for the financial aspect that is effecting the company but for other major reasons to spread the corporate culture and practices around foreign subsidiaries and exposing its managers to international training in order for them to take over higher managerial positions later on in their careers. The expatriate assignments usually deal with new found subsidiaries abroad or launching of new products , the company needs experienced people from its head quarters or other subsidiaries who have knowledge in order to hire and train local employees , introduce the products, techniques, values and culture of the company and adapt them to the methods in the local conditions . The transferring of knowledge and building up of the subsidiary in a foreign environment is not only difficult from the view point of the managers but it is also a very crucial aspect for the companies growth and competitiveness in its business and capturing the market. If an expatriates assignment fails due to some reasons its puts the whole future of c-p in that country in to jeopardy as well as gives the competition a upper hand in that market. Because the expatriates are the driving force of next growth and creating new markets their assignments are of significant importance to the company and this the reason c-p pays such a lot of attention to the expatriate assignments .
B) Are there other, more efficient ways, to transfer knowledge?
Besides using the expatriate program which costs the company approximately million dollars a year .There are some other cost efficient and better ways to transfer the knowledge .Face to face communication is the most effective way of transferring knowledge therefore the company can have informal networking activities amongst managers through joint work in teams task forces both at the regional office level where all the managers from each country in the region would take part and also forming global teams which would In turn pay visits to subsidiaries on a frequent basis all around the world which would help the company transfer knowledge in a better way because face to face interaction between individuals facilitates transfer of knowledge that is experienced based and allows interactive communication, questioning , flexibility and adaptation of policies and strategies. This one on one interaction also creates a sense of belonging in the organization .The emergence of new technology such as the internet , intranet, videoconferencing can also be used by the company in order to link all the subsidiaries and regional offices with the head quarters so that there is a constant flow of information between all the places and each country knows what is going on in the other country, making the whole company a more cohesive one . The current organization structure of c-p needs to be reformulated ,as the current structure has no interaction between regional heads and be changed in to a modified matrix structure such as used by the procter and gamble where the whole work place is in teams with interaction and inputs from regional as well as head quarters .
C) What is the core problem with the expatriate policy?
The core problem with the expatriate policy is that its inability to adapt and ignorance of the changes in the society where dual - career families were becoming the norm rather than an exceptional case here and there. C-P executives had wives who were also pursuing a career and didn’t want to give it up for their husbands assignments overseas. The belief of the management at C-P that only loss of money is the hurdle that determines a dual career family from going on overseas assignment was wrong and they created a policy for spouses assistance and one time payment of $ 7,500 seemed very less to most of them, moreover the women of the new century was in to a job not only for monetary reasons but also to build up a career for herself. The policy seemed to be designed for male managers whose spouses were housewives , if only male managers were considered the consideration for the husbands of any female managers seemed to be lost .Although the policy catered in with help to gain work permits and finding a job a harsh reality remained that the spouses if expatriate managers did not have legal rights to work in half of the countries where the C-P managers were placed. Even the assistance to start up a business for the spouses seemed to be a big failure as the fact remains that more that 50% of new startups tend to die down with in the first year of operations. The places where the spouses were allowed to work they could not find satisfactory jobs as people would not be willing to hire someone who would be leaving in a year or two.
D) Can the program be fixed? How?
Yes the program can be fixed with some changes in the thinking of the management. To rectify the policy and bring it on track to what it was in 18 in not possible with the onset of dual � career families in the society. What can be done is change the expatriate policy from a long haul of -5 years to a shorter periods of 6 -8 months . which would mean that the spouses of the managers would not have to move with them and the this could solve the problem of dual � career problems . Form the management’s perspective the expatriate is regarded as the best man for the job but this perception needs to be changed to a more local one . The management needs to realize that there is local talent available and the right places need to be tapped for the talent and the biggest source of this local talent being the own subsidiary . The company could also be looking at locals studying in good universities and screening them and hiring them and then training them and making a career path for them and later on evaluating them. Their training process and evaluation process should be handled by the expatriates as they are the ones who would know exactly as to what the C-P expects out of the subsidiary. This change in the policy would give C-P a better hold and control over the local markets as the local managers would understand the markets better. Another out come of this policy change would be that C-P would be able to utilize its limited resources of the expatriate managers in a better and much more focused way such that it could be able to send persons to markets where sales were going down or the profit was falling or send expatriates according to the product sales so as to improve a particular product sale in a particular market. This segmentation of the market and the focused attention of expatriates would not only give C-P a better competitive edge but also help the company solve problems at a faster pace and better way . When the managers go to country they are there to train and come back as soon as possible. The shorter periods in each country would also enable the C-P to form global assessment and inspection teams that could go in for a week or two in to countries not performing well or with some problems or some with new launches and have intensive brain storming sessions , training and assess the competitors etc.. this would help the company do what a lone expatriate manager would take three to four years in much lesser time of around a year or so with much lesser cost . The objective of transfer of knowledge could be achieved at a heightened pace and with greater efficiency. This way the company could keep up with its international career development and loose no pride in its expatriate program.
Mind that the sample papers like colgate palmolive : managing international careers presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
Monday, May 14, 2012
french
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The French City of Paradise!
Bonjure! Recently I have jus visited a few fascinating cities in France. My favorite of the cities is Brest. The city is located on the west coast of France off of the Atlantic Ocean.
The city has great weather and friendly people. The city is beautiful and has a great economy. The others are Bayonne and Toulon. Read more about the cities!
BREST
Brest is a commercial port, an important naval station, and the seat of the French Naval Academy. Electronics equipment, metals, paper, and clothing are the chief manufactures. The city dates from Gallo-Roman times. Just for a little history, the harbor was created in 161 by Cardinal Richelieu as a military base and arsenal. In 168, during the reign of Louis XIV, Marshal Vauban built the ramparts and a castle. The French repulsed the English in 164 off Brest; in 174 the English, under Lord Howe, defeated the French fleet. Also, during World War II the Germans had a huge submarine base at Brest. Their heavily fortified submarine pens showed few cracks under Allied air raids; but the city itself was almost completely destroyed. The German garrison capitulated to U.S. troops in 144.
Set where land and ocean meet, the city of Brest has traditionally looked to the future. It is Western Brittanys main urban conglomeration, located in the heart of an area whose cultural identity remains strong. The town also enjoys magnificent natural surroundings such as the far-reaching bay of Brest. This is one of the world’s finest, ranging over 1,500 hectares of water and surrounded by emerald coasts. Its the perfect place for walking, for pleasure or sports sailing! Not to mention learning about the ocean deeps at Oc�anopolis, the great scientific cultural center of the sea. In Brest you have the atmosphere of a major port, a large university city, and an old harbor area.
Most of the city was destroyed during World War II, and the rebuilt city today is modern, clean and comfortable. However, the city is a little off the tourist track, so it is an excellent place to practice your French and learn about the culture. In addition, the city has an abundance of excellent restaurants, bars, and a pretty lively nightlife. The outdoor activities in this part of France are excellent. During the summers the beaches are popular as are a variety of water sports and sailing. Throughout the area are also numerous outdoor gardens and parks along with some scenic hiking trails. If you like outdoor activities, Brest and the surrounding area have a lot to offer. The main reason people choose to study in Brest is due to the fact that the city is a great jumping off point to the beautiful and historic region of Western France known as Brittany.
A temperate climate in the north; northeastern areas have a more continental climate with warm summers and colder winters. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year with some snow likely in winter. The Jura Mountains have an alpine climate. Lorraine, sheltered by bordering hills, has a relatively mild climate. The Atlantic influences the climate of the western coastal areas from the Loire to the Basque region; the weather is temperate and relatively mild with rainfall distributed throughout the year. Summers can be very hot and sunny. Inland areas are also mild and the French slopes of the Pyr�n�es are reputed for their sunshine record.
More than half of Frances trade is with other European Union members. Japan, the United States, and China are also important trading partners. Leading exports are machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles, and clothing. Leading imports are crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, and iron and steel products. Nuclear energy furnishes 75% of all electricity produced in France.
Of all the cities, Brest would have to be my favorite. That is because of the surroundings and the weather. It makes me feel comfortable and relaxed. Its just one of those places I really enjoy being at.
Bayonne
Despite a shifting sandbar at the mouth of the Adour, it is a seaport, exporting sulfur, oil, and natural gas. The town also has metallurgical, chemical, aeronautical, tuna fishing, leather, and wood industries. French and Spanish, as well as Basque, are spoken there. At Bayonne, Napoleon I forced Charles IV and Ferdinand VII of Spain to abdicate (1808). At the end of the Peninsular War, Bayonne successfully resisted a British siege. Bayonne gives its name to the bayonet, invented there in the 17th cent. The Cathedral of Bayonne (1th cent.) is copied from those of Soissons and Reims. There is a Basque museum and a fine arts museum, left to the city by the painter Bonnat, who was born there. Parts of the towns Roman and medieval walls are preserved, as are Vaubans fortifications
Toulon
Toulon is both a Provencal town and a seaport on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the D�partement of Var, It is also one of Frances principal naval bases, possessing the most important of the Mediterranean dry-docks and shipbuilding yards. Toulons fine bay opens to the east. The most sheltered part, the Petite Rade and the Darse Vieille, in the west, is largely under control of the French Navy. Here, the navy is provided with a well-protected anchorage. The Faron Mountains form an imposing backdrop to the town
Toulons industries, apart from the arsenal and shipbuilding, were fishing and wine making. The French national aerospace center is now located in Toulon. The city now produces aeronautical equipment, maps, weaponry, tobacco, paper, shoes, and electronic equipment. Large shipbuilding and ship-repairing yards are here, as are industries producing chemicals, clothing, machinery, processed food, and armaments.
IN CONCLUSION, The cities that I visited were Brest, Bayonne, and Toulon.
Mind that the sample papers like french presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
The French City of Paradise!
Bonjure! Recently I have jus visited a few fascinating cities in France. My favorite of the cities is Brest. The city is located on the west coast of France off of the Atlantic Ocean.
The city has great weather and friendly people. The city is beautiful and has a great economy. The others are Bayonne and Toulon. Read more about the cities!
BREST
Brest is a commercial port, an important naval station, and the seat of the French Naval Academy. Electronics equipment, metals, paper, and clothing are the chief manufactures. The city dates from Gallo-Roman times. Just for a little history, the harbor was created in 161 by Cardinal Richelieu as a military base and arsenal. In 168, during the reign of Louis XIV, Marshal Vauban built the ramparts and a castle. The French repulsed the English in 164 off Brest; in 174 the English, under Lord Howe, defeated the French fleet. Also, during World War II the Germans had a huge submarine base at Brest. Their heavily fortified submarine pens showed few cracks under Allied air raids; but the city itself was almost completely destroyed. The German garrison capitulated to U.S. troops in 144.
Set where land and ocean meet, the city of Brest has traditionally looked to the future. It is Western Brittanys main urban conglomeration, located in the heart of an area whose cultural identity remains strong. The town also enjoys magnificent natural surroundings such as the far-reaching bay of Brest. This is one of the world’s finest, ranging over 1,500 hectares of water and surrounded by emerald coasts. Its the perfect place for walking, for pleasure or sports sailing! Not to mention learning about the ocean deeps at Oc�anopolis, the great scientific cultural center of the sea. In Brest you have the atmosphere of a major port, a large university city, and an old harbor area.
Most of the city was destroyed during World War II, and the rebuilt city today is modern, clean and comfortable. However, the city is a little off the tourist track, so it is an excellent place to practice your French and learn about the culture. In addition, the city has an abundance of excellent restaurants, bars, and a pretty lively nightlife. The outdoor activities in this part of France are excellent. During the summers the beaches are popular as are a variety of water sports and sailing. Throughout the area are also numerous outdoor gardens and parks along with some scenic hiking trails. If you like outdoor activities, Brest and the surrounding area have a lot to offer. The main reason people choose to study in Brest is due to the fact that the city is a great jumping off point to the beautiful and historic region of Western France known as Brittany.
A temperate climate in the north; northeastern areas have a more continental climate with warm summers and colder winters. Rainfall is distributed throughout the year with some snow likely in winter. The Jura Mountains have an alpine climate. Lorraine, sheltered by bordering hills, has a relatively mild climate. The Atlantic influences the climate of the western coastal areas from the Loire to the Basque region; the weather is temperate and relatively mild with rainfall distributed throughout the year. Summers can be very hot and sunny. Inland areas are also mild and the French slopes of the Pyr�n�es are reputed for their sunshine record.
More than half of Frances trade is with other European Union members. Japan, the United States, and China are also important trading partners. Leading exports are machinery and transportation equipment, chemicals, foodstuffs, agricultural products, iron and steel products, textiles, and clothing. Leading imports are crude oil, machinery and equipment, agricultural products, chemicals, and iron and steel products. Nuclear energy furnishes 75% of all electricity produced in France.
Of all the cities, Brest would have to be my favorite. That is because of the surroundings and the weather. It makes me feel comfortable and relaxed. Its just one of those places I really enjoy being at.
Bayonne
Despite a shifting sandbar at the mouth of the Adour, it is a seaport, exporting sulfur, oil, and natural gas. The town also has metallurgical, chemical, aeronautical, tuna fishing, leather, and wood industries. French and Spanish, as well as Basque, are spoken there. At Bayonne, Napoleon I forced Charles IV and Ferdinand VII of Spain to abdicate (1808). At the end of the Peninsular War, Bayonne successfully resisted a British siege. Bayonne gives its name to the bayonet, invented there in the 17th cent. The Cathedral of Bayonne (1th cent.) is copied from those of Soissons and Reims. There is a Basque museum and a fine arts museum, left to the city by the painter Bonnat, who was born there. Parts of the towns Roman and medieval walls are preserved, as are Vaubans fortifications
Toulon
Toulon is both a Provencal town and a seaport on the Mediterranean Sea. It is the capital of the D�partement of Var, It is also one of Frances principal naval bases, possessing the most important of the Mediterranean dry-docks and shipbuilding yards. Toulons fine bay opens to the east. The most sheltered part, the Petite Rade and the Darse Vieille, in the west, is largely under control of the French Navy. Here, the navy is provided with a well-protected anchorage. The Faron Mountains form an imposing backdrop to the town
Toulons industries, apart from the arsenal and shipbuilding, were fishing and wine making. The French national aerospace center is now located in Toulon. The city now produces aeronautical equipment, maps, weaponry, tobacco, paper, shoes, and electronic equipment. Large shipbuilding and ship-repairing yards are here, as are industries producing chemicals, clothing, machinery, processed food, and armaments.
IN CONCLUSION, The cities that I visited were Brest, Bayonne, and Toulon.
Mind that the sample papers like french presented are to be used for review only. In order to warn you and eliminate any plagiarism writing intentions, it is highly recommended not to use the essays in class. In cases you experience difficulties with essay writing in class and for in class use, order original papers with our expert writers. Cheap custom papers can be written from scratch for each customer that entrusts his or her academic success to our writing team. Order your unique assignment from the best custom writing services cheap and fast!
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